Urbanisation and Urabn Development : Rajasthan Economic Survey 2023-24

Introduction

• Urbanisation refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, “the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas”, and the ways in which each society adapts to the change.

United Nations Global Sustainable Development Report, 2023 :-

• According to this more than half of the world’s population have been living in cities and this share is projected to rise to 66.66% by 2050.
• Urbanisation is the engine for economic growth and this is evident from the fact that cities and metropolitan areas contribute about 80% of global GDP.

Urbanisation in Rajasthan

Share of urban population in total population of India and Rajasthan

	1961	2011	2021 (Projected)	2031 (Projected)
India	17.97%	31.14%	34.43%	37.55%
Rajasthan	16.28%	24.87%	26.33%	27.74%

Population

Total population of Rajasthan

	2001	2011	2021 (Projected)	2031 (Projected)
Male	2.94 Crore	3.55 Crore	4.08 Crore	4.44 Crore
Female	2.71 Crore	3.30 Crore	3.85 Crore	4.28 Crore
Total Population	5.65 Crore	6.85 Crore	7.93 Crore	8.72 Crore

Urban population of Rajasthan

	2001	2011	2021 (Projected)	2031 (Projected)
Male	70 Lakh	89 Lakh	109 Lakh	126 Lakh
Female	62 Lakh	81 Lakh	100 Lakh	116 Lakh
Total	132 Lakh	170 Lakh	209 Lakh	242 Lakh

Child Population in Rajasthan (0-6 Age Group)

	2001	2011
Boys	52.34 %	52.83 %
Girls	47.66 %	47.17 %
Total	100 % (107 Lakh)	100 % (106 Lakh)

Child population in urban areas of Rajasthan (0-6 Age Group)

	2001	2011
Boys	52.98 %	53.37 %
Girls	47.02 %	46.63 %
Total Population	100 % (20.64 Lakh)	100 % (22.35 Lakh)

Sex Ratio

• Sex Ratio : The number of women per thousand men is called sex ratio.
• Child Sex Ratio (0-6 years) : The number of girls per thousand boys is called child sex ratio.

Sex ratio in urban and rural areas of Rajasthan

	2001	2011	Increase
Urban Area	890	914	+ 24
Rural Area	930	933	+ 3

Districts with The Highest and Lowest Urban Sex Ratio in Rajasthan

S. No.	Highest	Sex Ratio	Lowest	Sex Ratio
1	Tonk	985	Jaisalmer	807
2	Banswara	964	Dholpur	864
3	Pratapgarh	963	Alwar	872
4	Dungarpur	951	Ganganagar	878
5	Rajsamand	948	Bharatpur	887

Child Sex ratio in urban and rural areas of Rajasthan (0-6 years)

	2001	2011	Decrease
Urban Area	887	874	– 13
Rural Area	914	892	– 22

Districts with The Highest and Lowest Urban Child Sex Ratio in Rajasthan

S. No.	Highest	Sex Ratio	Lowest	Sex Ratio
1	Nagaur	907	Dholpur	841
2	Bikaner	906	Ganganagar	842
3	Bhilwara	904	Dausa	847
4	Baran	901	Alwar	851
5	Churu	899	Bharatpur	852

Literacy Rate

Literacy Rate of Rajasthan

	1961	2001	2011
Urban Literacy Rate	44.50 %	76.20 %	79.70 %
Rural Literacy Rate	12.90 %	55.30 %	61.40 %
Literacy Rate	18.12 %	60.40 %	66.11 %

Districts with The Highest and Lowest Urban Literacy Rate in Rajasthan

S. No.	Highest	Literacy Rate	Lowest	Literacy Rate
1	Udaipur	87.5 %	Nagaur	70.6 %
2	Banswara	85.2 %	Jalore	71.1 %
3	Pratapgarh	84.8 %	Churu	72.6 %
4	Dungarpur	84.4 %	Dholpur	72.7 %
5	Ajmer	83.9 %	Karauli	72.8 %

Cities/ Urban agglomeration (UAs) with population of 1 lakh and above

• In terms of population, the largest city in Rajasthan is Jaipur (30.46 lakh). While Banswara (1.01 lakh) is the smallest city.

The largest cities of Rajasthan in terms of population

S. No.	Cities	Population
1	Jaipur	30.46 Lakh
2	Jodhpur	11.38 Lakh
3	Kota	10.02 Lakh
4	Bikaner	6.44 Lakh

Spatial Variation in Urbanisation

The most and least urbanized districts in Rajasthan in terms of urban population

S. No.	Highest	Urban Population	Lowest	Urban Population
1	Kota	60.31 %	Dungarpur	6.39 %
2	Jaipur	52.40 %	Barmer	6.98 %
3	Ajmer	40.08 %	Banswara	7.10 %
4	Jodhpur	34.30 %	Pratapgarh	8.27 %
5	Bikaner	33.86 %	Jalore	8.30 %

Migration in Rajasthan (Rural-Urban)

• According to Census 2011, male primarily migrate from rural to urban areas in search of employment opportunities, while female are primarily migrating due to marital reasons in Rajasthan.
• According to Census 2011, 794 lakh people migrated from rural to urban areas at the national level. In Rajasthan 32 lakh people migrated from rural to urban areas which contribute at 4 % of total rural-urban migrants in the country
• Among the total migrating men and women in India and Rajasthan, the percentage of men migrating from rural to urban areas due to work/employment and women migrating due to marriage is as follows :

	Male (Work/ Employment)	Female (Marital)
India	45.06 %	51.80 %
Rajasthan	49.16 %	59.11 %

Urban Housing Conditions in Rajasthan

• Census of India classified houses into three categories based on their condition :-
  1. Good
  2. Livable
  3. Dilapidated

Condition of urban Households in Rajasthan and India

	India	Rajasthan
Good	68 %	69 %
Livable	29 %	29 %
Dilapidated	3 %	2 %

Slum Dwellers in Rajasthan (Urban)

• Slums form and grow in different parts of the country due to many reasons like-
  • Rapid rural to urban migration
  • High unemployment
  • Poverty
  • Economic stagnation
  • Poor planning
• Census Organization classified the following areas as slum :-
  • All such areas which have been notified by State/Local Self Government or Central Administered by any act as slums.
  • All such areas which have recognized as slums by State/Local Self Government and Central Administered areas notified by any act.
  • All such congested areas which have a minimum population of 300 or 60-70 households with unplanned residential clusters which totally lack basic civic amenities of light, drinking water, sanitation, unpolluted air etc.
• The population of slum dwellers in Rajasthan is 20.68 lakh as per Census 2011 constituting 12.13 % of the total urban population.

Highest number of slums dwellers

S. No.	Highest	Population	Percentage of slum population in Rajasthan
1	Jaipur Muncipal Corporation	3.23 Lakh (10.62 % of total population of Jaipur Muncipal Corporation)	15.64 %
2	Kota (Muncipal Corporation)		15.44 %
3	Jodhpur (Muncipal Corporation + Out growth)		12.29 %
4	Bikaner (Muncipal Corporation)		5.89 %
5	Ajmer (Muncipal Corporation)		5.35 %
6	Udaipur (Muncipal Corporation)		3.13 %
7	Ganganagar (Muncipal Corporation + Out Growth)		2.44 %

Highest percentage of slum dwellers to total population of the city

S. No.	Highest	Percentage
1	Pilibanga (M)	74.53 %
2	Jahazpur (M)	63.79 %
3	Kesrisinghpur (M)	61.46 %

Urban Development In Rajasthan

• To fulfill the basic needs of urban population in a systematic and integrated way, the government has constituted development authorities, urban trusts, Rajasthan Housing Board, Town Planning Office, Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation.
• At present the following are engaged in development of civic amenities for the public in Rajasthan-
  1. Development Authority (5)
  2. Urban Improvement Trust (12)
  3. Rajasthan Housing Board (RHB)
  4. Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Limited

1. Development Authority :-

• At present there are total 5 development authorities in Rajasthan. Such as-
  1. Jaipur Development Authority, Jaipur
  2. Jodhpur Development Authority, Jodhpur
  3. Ajmer Development Authority, Ajmer
  4. Kota Development Authority, Kota
  5. Udaipur Development Authority, Udaipur

2. Urban Improvement Trust :-

• At present there are total 12 urban improvement trusts in Rajasthan. Such as-
  1. Alwar
  2. Abu
  3. Barmer
  4. Bharatpur
  5. Bhilwara
  6. Bikaner
  7. Chittorgarh
  8. Jaisalmer
  9. Pali
  10. Sri Ganganagar
  11. Sikar
  12. Sawai Madhopur

3. Rajasthan Housing Board (RHB) :-

• Rajasthan Housing Board was established on 24 February, 1970 as an autonomous body to suggest measures for dealing with and fulfilment of housing needs in the State.
• Some of the initiatives of Rajasthan Housing Board :-
  1. Vidhayak Awas Yojna : Vidhayak Nagar (West), Jyoti Nagar, Jaipur
  2. Constitution Club of Rajasthan : Vidhayak Nagar East, Jaipur
  3. Fountain Square : Mansarovar, Jaipur (Inaugurated on 15^th March, 2024)
  4. Kota and Jodhpur Chowpatty
  5. AIS Residency Phase 1 & 2 : Pratap Nagar, Jaipur
  6. Samriddhi Apartment : Pratap Nagar, Jaipur
  7. Mahi Apartment : Pratap Nagar, Jaipur
  8. Badli Yojana (Flats) : Jodhpur
  9. Manpur Housing Scheme : Abu Road, Sirohi
  10. Coaching Hub : Pratap Nagar, Jaipur
  11. SS Residency : Pratap Nagar, Jaipur
  12. Chief Minister Jan Awas Yojana : Jaipur (Under Pradhan Mantri Jan Awas Yojana Urban, 2015)
  13. Wednesday Auction Festival : Scheme to purchase houses in 156 monthly installments with up to 50% discount through e-bid.
  14. Sajag Mobile App : To ensure quality and effective monitoring of construction of houses.

4. Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Limited :-

1. Phase-1 :-
   1. Phase-1A (Mansarovar to Chandpole) :-
      • Start : 3^rd June, 2015
      • Funded : Government of Rajasthan
   2. Phase-1B (Chandpole to Badi Chaupar) :-
      • Start : 23^rd September, 2020
      • Funded : Asian Development Bank (ADB)+ Government of Rajasthan
      • Distance : 2.01 km
   3. Phase-1C (Badi Chaupar to Transport Nagar) :-
      • Start : Work is currently in progress for the implementation of the project.
      • Funded : Government of Rajasthan
      • For this, a detailed project report (DPR) has been prepared and submitted by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC).
      • For this, administrative and financial approval has been granted by Government of Rajasthan.
   4. Phase-1D (Mansarovar to 200 Feet bypass Ajmer) :-
      • Start : Work is currently in progress for the implementation of the project.
      • Funded : Government of Rajasthan
      • For this, a detailed project report (DPR) has been prepared and submitted by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC).
      • For this, administrative and financial approval has been granted by Government of Rajasthan.
2. Phase-2 (Sitapura to Ambabari) :-
   • Start : Proposed
   • Distance : 23.50 km
   • For this, a detailed project report (DPR) has been proposed.

Real Estate Regulatory Authority, Rajasthan (RERA) :-

• The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 was brought into effect by Govt. of India on 01 May, 2016.
• The Rajasthan Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Rules, 2017 were notified on 01 May, 2017.
• To facilitate the growth and promotion of a healthy, transparent, efficient and competitive real estate sector while protecting the interests of allottees, promoters and real estate agents, as provided under the Act and Rules, Government of Rajasthan has constituted the Rajasthan Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) and the Real Estate Appellate Tribunal on 6^th March 2019.
• RERA has a web portal “rera.rajasthan.gov.in“, which was launched on June 1, 2017.

Town Planning Department

• The objective of the Town Planning department is to guide physical development of towns through preparation of Master plans, Zonal/Sector Plans/ Schemes along with providing technical advice to various Government departments, local bodies and other Government agencies.
• It also assists National Capital Region Planning Board in preparation of its regional plan and implementation of its policies.

Master Plans :-

• Master plan of any city provides a vision on a legal framework for its development for a period of around 20 years.
• Out of 279 municipal towns, master plans for 191 municipal towns have been prepared and approved by the Government.

National Capital Region (NCR) :-

• The Rajasthan Sub-Region of NCR comprises of Alwar and Bharatpur districts, and the Draft Regional Plan of these districts-2041 was released by National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB).
• The counter magnet cities of NCR include Kota and Jaipur cities of Rajasthan.

Department of Local Self Government

Deendayal Antyodaya Yojna-National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY-NULM) :-

• The mission is being implemented in 213 urban local bodies of Rajasthan.
• On February 19, 2016, Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana and National Urban Livelihood Mission have been restructured.

Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) :-

• The Central Government has launched this scheme with the objective of providing basic infrastructure services to the urban poor in the small and medium size towns.
• This scheme is applicable to all cities/towns except those selected under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
• The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) has changed the funding pattern to 60:20:20 (GoI:State:ULB) as per AMRUT funding pattern for 11 projects in progress.
• The Rajasthan Urban Drinking Water, Sewerage and Infrastructure Corporation Ltd. (RUDSICO) has been nominated as the nodal agency for implementing this scheme in the State.
• 12 projects including 11 sewerage projects and 1 water supply project have been sanctioned in 12 towns.

Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) :-

• Start : 2011
• 19 projects in 16 cities have been sanctioned for the state by the Government of India.
• All RAY projects have been subsumed under “Housing for All” initiative by the Government of India on June 25, 2015.
• Objective : To make cities slum free.

Rajasthan Urban Development Fund-II (RUDF-II) :-

• Formation : 25^th August, 2021
• Rajasthan Urban Development Fund-I (RIDF-I) was constituted in 2010.

Smart Cities Mission :-

• Smart City Mission was launched by Government of India in June 2015 to promote cities that provide core infrastructure, deliver a decent quality of life to their citizens, maintain a clean and sustainable environment and apply ‘Smart Solutions’ for the development of cities.
• The mission aims to cover 100 cities in duration of five years.
• The funding mechanism provides ₹ 100 crore per city per year for 5 years to be given as a grant by Government of India and an equal amount will be contributed by the concerned State/ULB.
• 4 Cities were shortlisted in Rajasthan to be developed as Smart Cities, namely Jaipur, Udaipur, Kota and Ajmer.
• Under smart city project works such as provision of water supply, development of Medical and Education facilities, park development, open air gyms, fire rescue jeeps and bikes, smart roads, smart toilets, public transport system and development of parking are being carried out.

AMRUT Mission :-

• AMRUT : Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
• Launched : June, 2015 (By Central Government)
• 29 cities in Rajasthan have been selected under AMRUT.
• This mission includes water supply, sewerage and septage, drainage and development of green spaces in 500 cities linked with Swachh Bharat Mission.

AMRUT Mission 2.0 :-

• Launched : 01^st October, 2021 (By Central Government)
• Under this mission, a target has been set to provide drinking water through “Har Ghar Nal” (tap in every home) to all the houses through water supply schemes in all the urban bodies by the year 2025-26.
• Under this mission sewerage, rejuvenation of water bodies and water supply works are to be executed.
• The share of the Central Government under the scheme is as follows-

S. No.	the cities whose population	Share of central government
1	less than 1 Lakh	50 %
2	1 Lakh but less than 10 Lakh	33.33 %
3	More than 10 Lakh	25 %

LED Light Project :-

• The “Energy Saving Project” has been initiated in the State to save energy in street lighting.
• The aim of the project is to increase the lighting level on roads and to reduce the electricity consumption.
• Work of setting up LED lights is almost completed in 191 local bodies.
• A total of 12.02 lakh LED lights have been installed in Rajasthan up to 31^st March, 2024.

Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) 1.0 :-

• Start : October 2, 2014
• Objective : Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) aims to achieve better level of cleanliness all over India through public participation, construction of Individual Household Latrine (IHHL), community/public toilets, urinals and solid waste management.
• 213 ULBs of Rajasthan have been declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) and have also been certified by Government of India.

Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) 2.0 :-

• Launched : October, 2021 (For a period of 5 years until October 2, 2026)
• The main components of SBM(U) 2.0 are Toilet Construction i.e. Individual Household Latrines (IHHL), community/public toilets (CTs/PTs), Urinals, Solid waste management, used water management, IEC&CB.

Shri Annapurna Rasoi Yojana :-

• Former Name : Indira Rasoi Yojana
• Start : 20 August, 2020
• Shri Annapurna Rasoi Yojana is currently being run in urban bodies by the State Government, dedicated to good governance, which is realizing the concept of ‘Lakshya Antyodaya-Pran Antyodaya-Path Antyodaya’ in the State.
• Running 1000 Rasoi’s in 240 urban bodies in the State.
• Under the scheme, pure and nutritious food is being provided to the general public by respectfully sitting in permanent kitchens for two meals (lunch and dinner) at ₹ 8 per plate, with a State grant of ₹ 22 per plate is being given by the State Government.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) :-

• Start : June 25, 2015
• This housing scheme aims to provide affordable house to the homeless, Economically Weaker Section (annual income up to ₹ 3.00 lakh) and Lower Income Group (annual income ₹ 3.00 to ₹ 6.00 lakh). (Target December 31, 2024)

Rajasthan Transport Infrastructure Development Fund :-

• Rajasthan Transport Infrastructure Development Fund (RTIDF) was established in 2011-12 for the management of a well-organized, safe, pollution-free and easy transportsystem in the State.

Some of the initiatives of Local Self Department are as follows :-

• Prashashan Shehro Ke Sang Abhiyan :-
  • Start : October 2, 2021
  • For the speedy solution of problems related to urban bodies of common citizens, campaign “Prashashan Shehro ke Sang” has been started in all the urban bodies of the State.
• Indira Gandhi Urban Credit Card Scheme :-
  • Start : 2021
  • Under this Scheme, ₹ 50,000 interest free loan is being made available to 5 lakh street vendors in urban areas
  • Objective :-
    1. To provide employment/self-employment opportunities.
    2. To provide financial resources for daily needs.

Indira Gandhi Shahari Rojgar Guarantee Scheme :-

• Start : 9 September, 2022
• Objective : The main objective of the scheme is to provide financial support to the persons aged 18 to 60 years of needy families living in urban areas by providing employment to them.
• This scheme was initiall started with providing employment of 100 working days on the basis of free registration, which has been increased to 125 working days in the financial year 2023-24.