Physical Regions of Rajasthan : Desert, Aravalli, Eastern Plains, Hadoti Plateau

Introduction

Classification of physical regions of Rajasthan has been done in two ways. For example-

Classification of physical regions of Rajasthan on individual basis :-
- Prof. V.C. Mishra wrote a book named “Geography of Rajasthan” in 1967, in which Rajasthan has been divided into 7 physical regions. For example-
  1. Arid region
  2. Semi-arid region
  3. Canal region
  4. Aravalli region
  5. Eastern agricultural and industrial region
  6. South-eastern agricultural region
  7. Chambal beehad region
Classification of physical regions of Rajasthan on the basis of geographical factors : –
- On the basis of geographical factors, Rajasthan has been divided into 4 physical regions, the main basis of which is relief and climate. For example-
  1. Desert (climate)
  2. Aravalli (relief)
  3. Eastern Plains (relief)
  4. Hadoti Plateau (relief)

General information about the physical regions of Rajasthan

	Desert	Aravalli	Eastern Plains	Hadoti Plateau
Formation	On the Tethys Sea	On Gondwanaland	On the Tethys Sea (from sediments deposited by rivers)	On Gondwanaland (from basalt lava)
Formation Period	Tertiary age (Priority) and Pleistocene age	Pre Cambrian Age	Pleistocene Age	Cretaceous Period
Area	61.11%	9%	23%	6.89%
Population	40%	10%	39%	11%
Districts	12	13 (Mailny 7)	10	7
Soil	Sandy	Mountain/Forest	Alluvial	Black/Cotton
Climate	Arid and Semi-Arid	Subhumid	Humid	Very Humid

1. Desert

The north-western desert of Rajasthan is also called ‘Thar Desert’.

General information about the north-western desert of Rajasthan

Formation	On the Tethys Sea
Formation Period	Tertiary age (Priority) and Pleistocene age
Area	1,75,000 km² (Spread over 61.11% area of Rajasthan)
Length	640 KM from Gujarat to Haryana
Width	300 KM from Aravalli to west of Rajasthan
Average Height	200-300 meter
Slope	from north-east to south-west
Population	40%
District	12
Soil	Sandy Soil
Climate	Arid and Semi-Arid

Study of desert :-

From the study point of view, the desert is divided into two parts. For example-
1. Arid Desert (Rathi Pradesh)
2. Semi-Arid Desert (Bangar Pradesh)

1. Arid Desert (Rathi Pradesh) :-

The physical region with less than 25 cm rainfall is called ‘Arid Desert’ (Rathi Pradesh).
Rainfall : 0-25 cm
Area : 1 lakh km²
Rathi breed of cows are found in this area, hence this area is also called ‘Rathi Pradesh’.
From the study point of view, arid desert (100%) is divided into two parts. For example-
- (A) Sand dune free region (41.5%)
- (B) Sand dune containing region (58.5%)

(A) Sand dune free region (41.5%) :-

Sand dunes are not found in this region because a rocky desert is found here, which is called ‘Hamada’.
Expanse :-
- Jaisalmer (most) : Pokaran, Ramgarh, Lodrava
- Jodhpur : Phalodi
- Barmer

(B) Sand dune containing region (58.5%) :-

When soil is deposited by wind, the structure formed is called ‘Sand dune’.
In Rajasthan-
- Most sand dunes are found in Jaisalmer district.
- All types of sand dunes are found in Jodhpur district.

Types of sand stupas (Major sand stupas of Rajasthan):-

1. Barkhan sand dune :-
- When the soil is deposited by wind in a crescent shape, the topography formed is called ‘Barkhan Sand dune’.
- Width : 100 to 200 meters (between its two arms)
- Height : 10 to 20 meters
- Expansion : Most in Shekhawati (most in Bhaleri village of Churu) and Bikaner
- These are most moving, that is why they contribute the most to desertification.
2. Transverse sand dune :-
- When the soil is deposited by wind at right angles to the direction of wind, then the topography created is called ‘transverse sand dune’.
- Expansion : Generally Jodhpur, Bikaner (most) and Barmer
3. Longitudinal (linear) sand dune :-
- When the soil is deposited by wind parallel to the direction of wind, then the topography created is called ‘longitudinal sand dune’.
- These are generally found more near rivers (river basins). Such as- Luni Basin, Jawai Basin and Ghaggar Basin
- Maximum extent (respectively)-
  1. Jaisalmer (first place)- maximum
  2. Bikaner (second place)
4. Parabolic sand dune :-
- Sand dunes, opposite to barkhan or like women’s hair pins (clips) are called ‘parabolic sand dune’.
- Expansion : Generally Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer and Jodhpur
- These are found the most in Rajasthan because they are found in all desert districts.
5. Seif sand dune :-
- During the formation of barkhan, when the wind direction changes, one side of the barkhan moves forward due to which the topography formed is called ‘Seif sand dune’. That is, a barkhan sand dune with one side is called ‘Seif sand dune’.
- Expansion : Generally Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Shekhawati
6. Star type sand dune :-
- Sand dunes formed by irregular (uncertain) winds which have three or more arms are called ‘star type sand dune’.
- Maximum expansion (respectively)-
  1. Jaisalmer
  2. Suratgarh (Shri Ganganagar)
  3. Bikaner
7. Srab coppice sand dune (Nebkha) :-
- Small sand dunes formed near bushes in the desert are called ‘Srab coppice sand dune’.
- Expansion : Most Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer, Jodhpur
8. Network sand dune :-
- Sand dunes connected to each other are called ‘network sand dune’.
- Expanse : Most Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur and Barmer
Examples of sand dunes built at right angles:-
1. Transverse sand dune
2. Barkhan sand dune
3. Parabolic sand dune
Examples of parallel sand dunes:-
1. Longitudinal sand dune
2. Seif sand dune

2. Semi-Arid Desert (Bangar Pradesh) :-

The physical region which is situated between the Arid desert (25 cm) and the Aravalli region (50 cm) is called the ‘semi-arid desert’ (Bangar Pradesh).
Rainfall : 25-50 cm
Area : 75,000 km²
From the study point of view, the semi-arid desert is divided into 4 parts. For example-
1. Luni Basin (Godwar Basin):-
- Expansion : Pali, Jodhpur, Barmer, Jalore and Sirohi
- Features :-
  1. Saline plants : In the Luni basin, saline plants are found the most in Balotra (Barmer).
  2. Kaala Bhura Dungar (Pali) : These are the hills located to the east of the Luni basin, which form the eastern boundary of the Luni basin.
  3. Nehar Run : It is situated in Jalore district in the Luni basin.
2. Nagauri Upland :-
- Extension : Nagaur, Didwana-Kuchaman, Partial Ajmer
- Saline (salt water) lakes are found the most in this region.
- Features :-
  1. Kumbad/Banka Patti :-
    - It is located between Nagaur and Ajmer.
    - Fluoride is found in large quantity in it, which causes fluorosis disease.
3. Shekhawati Inland Drainage Region:-
- Expansion : Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Neem Ka Thana and North Nagaur
- Features :-
  1. Beed : Pasture lands in Shekhawati are called Beed.
  2. Torawati : The drainage area of Kantali river is called Torawati. Which is spread in Sikar, Jhunjhunu and Neem Ka Thana.
  3. Johad : In Shekhawati, raw water wells are called Johad.
  4. Sar : In Shekhawati, the pond formed during monsoon is called Sar.
4. Ghaggar Basin :-
- Expansion : Mainly Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and Anupgarh
- Features :-
  1. Kathi/Bagghi : The smooth and fertile soil found in Ghaggar basin is called Kathi/Bagghi.
  2. Drain/Pat : In Hanumangarh district, the drainage area of Ghaggar is called Drain/Pat.
- Major Crops Produced : Wheat, Rice, Cotton, Sugarcane

Important points related to desert :-

Playa Lake : Temporary water lakes in the desert are called ‘Playa Lake’. These are mostly found in the northern part of Jaisalmer.
Khadin Lake : The lakes built by Paliwal Brahmins in western Rajasthan (Jaisalmer) are called ‘Khadin Lake’. These are mostly found in the northern part of Jaisalmer.
Ran/Tat/Dhaadh : The saline, marshy and infertile land/lake in the desert is called Run/Tat/Dhaadh. Its maximum expansion is in Jaisalmer and Barmer.
- Districts with the most runs in India (in order) :-
  1. Kutch (Kutch run is the largest run in India.)
  2. Leh
  3. Jaisalmer
- Main runs of Rajasthan :-
  1. Talchappar (Churu)
  2. Padihara/Parihara (Churu)
  3. Phalodi (Phalodi) – earlier in Jodhpur
  4. Baap (Phalodi) – earlier in Jodhpur
  5. Bhakri (Jaisalmer)
  6. Pokaran (Jaisalmer)
  7. Thob (Barmer)
  8. Nehar Run (Jalore)
Water Balt (Lathi Series) : The underground aquatic remains of Saraswati river are called ‘Water Balt’.
- Located : Between Pokaran and Mohangarh in Jaisalmer
- Total length : 60 km
- In this area, Sevan/Lilon grass is found in abundance, which is said to be the refuge of Great Indian Bustard.
- In this region, tube wells are found in Chandan village, which are called ‘Pot of Thar’.
- Note : The second water belt of Rajasthan is situated between Bayatu (Barmer) and Sanchore (Jalore).
Akal Wood Fossil Park :-
- Located in : National Desert Park, Akal (Jaisalmer)
- Time : Akal Wood Fossil Park contains wood fossils of Jurassic period, which are 18 crore (180 million) years old.
- This wood fossil is the oldest wood fossil in India and Rajasthan.
Baap Boulder Clay :-
- Located in : Phalodi (earlier Jodhpur)
- Large pebbles and fine sediments created/deposited by glaciers are called ‘Baap Boulder Clay’.
- Period of formation : Permo Carboniferous Period
Balsan : Water basin surrounded by hills in the desert is called ‘Balsan’. For example- Sambhar Lake
Dhore : Wavy type sand dunes are called ‘Dhore’, which are mostly found in Jaisalmer.
Dhariyan : Shifting sand dunes are called ‘Dhariyan’, which are mostly found in Jaisalmer.
Oasis (Desert Garden) : Wherever water basin (water) is available in the desert, greenery develops there, which is called ‘Oasis’. For example-
- Kolayat Lake (Bikaner)
- Gajner Lake (Bikaner)
- Gadisar/Gadisar Lake (Jaisalmer)
Peevna :-
- This is a species of snake, which is yellow in colour.
- It is the most poisonous.
- It is mostly found in Jaisalmer.
March of Desert :-
- The shifting/advancing/desertification of the desert is called ‘March of Desert’, in which the Barkhan sand dune has the most contribution.
- The direction of desertification (March of the Desert) in Rajasthan is from ‘South-West’ to ‘North-East’ (Haryana).
Thar Desert :-
- The total area of the Thar Desert is 2,38,254 km².
- In the world, the Thar Desert (100%) is spread in India (85%) and Pakistan (15%).
- Expansion of Thar Desert (100%) in India (respectively)-
  1. Rajasthan :-
    - Thar Desert accounts for 61.11% (about 62%) of the total area (4 physical regions) of Rajasthan.
    - The total area of Thar Desert in Rajasthan is 1,75,000 km².
  2. Gujarat
  3. Haryana
  4. Punjab
- 62% of the total Thar Desert of India is in Rajasthan.
- 38% of the total Thar Desert of India is in Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab.

Importance of desert in Rajasthan :-

Biodiversity : Compared to other deserts of the world, biodiversity is found more in the Thar Desert.
Renewable Energy : The north-western part of Rajasthan has greater potential for renewable energy (mainly solar energy, wind energy) because the intensity of solar radiation is high here.
Energy Minerals :-
- Fossil/energy minerals are found in abundance in the north-western part (desert region) of Rajasthan. Such as coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.
- In Rajasthan, the maximum production of coal, petroleum and natural gas takes place in Barmer.
Salt Production : Salt water lakes are found more in the western part of Rajasthan (Nagaur), due to which more salt is produced here. Such as-
- Sambhar Lake (Jaipur)
- Panchbhadra Lake (Barmer) : Highest quality salt
- Didwana Lake (Nagaur)
- Degana Lake (Nagaur)
- Lunkaransar Lake (Bikaner)
- Rewasa Lake (Sikar)
- In salt production in India-
  - First : Gujarat
  - Second : Tamil Nadu
  - Third : Rajasthan
Tourism : The unique culture of western Rajasthan attracts tourists to Rajasthan. Such as-
- Camel Festival (Bikaner)
- Desert Festival (Jaisalmer)
- Thar Festival (Barmer)
- Marwar Festival (Jodhpur)
Nuclear Testing :-
- The Thar Desert is called the nuclear testing site, because India’s nuclear testing site Pokhran (Jaisalmer) is located in it.
- Nuclear Testing in India :-
  1. First (1974) : Pokhran (then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi)
  2. Second (1998) : Pokhran (then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee)
Military Training : Two military training centers are also located in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. Such as-
- Chandan Field Firing Range (Jaisalmer)
- Mahajan Field Firing Range (Bikaner)
Livestock : Livestock is found in large numbers in the north-western part of Rajasthan.
- Districts with the highest livestock in Rajasthan: Barmer, Jodhpur
Monsoon : The geographical conditions of north-western Rajasthan attract the monsoon.
Food grain production : Coarse grains are produced more in the north-western part of Rajasthan. For example- millet

2. Aravalli

On the basis of formation period, it is the oldest mountain range.
On the basis of formation process, it is a folded mountain range.
On the basis of present condition, it is a residual mountain range.
The Arabian Sea is called the father of Aravali, because Aravali originates from the Arabian Sea.

General information of Aravalli mountain range

Formation	On Gondwanaland
Formation Period	Pre Cambrian Age
Area	9%
Population	10%
District	13 (Mainly 7)
Soil	Mountain/ Forest Soil
Climate	Subhumid

Highest peaks of India :-

Currently-
- The highest peak of India is Kanchenjunga (Sikkim). Whose total height is 8,586 meters.
- The highest peak of North India is Kanchenjunga.
- The highest peak of South India is Anaimudi/Anamudi (Kerala). Whose total height is 2,695 meters.
- The highest peak of Central India is Guru Shikhar (Sirohi). Whose total height is 1722 meters.

Extension of Aravalli:-

Average height-
- At the time of formation: 2700 meters
- Present: 930 meters
Highest peak : Guru Shikhar (Abu, Sirohi)
Direction :-
- Direction : From South-West (North-West) to North-East (North-East)
- Direction of decreasing width : From South-West (North-West) to North-East (North-East)
- Direction of increasing width : From North-East (North-East) to South-West (North-West)
Extension of Aravalli in India :-
- Extension : From Khedbrahma (Gujarat) to Raisina Hills (Delhi)
- Beginning : Khedbrahma (Gujarat), the beginning of Aravalli in Gujarat is also considered to be from Palanpur/Girnar hills. (Priority Khedbrahma)
- Last point : Raisina Hills (Delhi)
- Length : 692 km
- Width : Maximum Gujarat and minimum Delhi
- About 80% of it is located in Rajasthan.
Expansion of Aravalli in Rajasthan :-
- Expansion : From Abu (Sirohi) to Khetri (Neem Ka Thana)
- Start : Abu (Sirohi)
- Last point : Khetri (Neem Ka Thana)
- Length : 550 km
- Width : Maximum Sirohi and minimum Neem Ka Thana
- Maximum height is in Sirohi and minimum is in Ajmer.
- Maximum extension is in Udaipur and minimum is in Ajmer.

Study of Aravalli:-

From the study point of view, the Aravalli mountain range in Rajasthan has been divided into three parts. Like-
1. Northern Aravalli :-
- Located : Between Khetri (Neem Ka Thana) and Jaipur
- Its highest peak is ‘Raghunathgarh’ (Sikar). Whose total height is 1055 meters.
2. Middle Aravalli :-
- Located : Between Jaipur and Rajsamand
- It is also called Ajmer/Merwara Aravalli, because it is mainly spread in Ajmer district.
- Districts : Mainly Ajmer, Beawar, Kekri, partially Tonk
- Its highest peaks are respectively-
  1. Todgarh Peak (Beawar) : 934 meters
  2. Taragarh Peak (Ajmer) : 873 meters
  3. Naag Peak (Ajmer) : 795 meters
3. Southern Aravalli :-
- Located : Between Rajsamand and Sirohi
- Its highest peak is ‘Guru Peak’ (Abu, Sirohi). Whose total height is 1722 meters.
- From the study point of view, Southern Aravalli is again divided into two parts. Like-
- (A) Abu Aravalli :-
  - Expansion : Sirohi (highest), Pali
  - Its highest peak is ‘Guru Shikhar’ (Abu, Sirohi). Whose total height is 1722 meters.
- (B) Mewari Aravalli :-
  - Expansion : Udaipur (highest), Rajsamand
  - Its highest peak is ‘Jarga’ (Udaipur). Whose total height is 1431 meters.

Major plateau of Rajasthan (Major plateau of Aravalli) :-

The largest plateau in Rajasthan is located in Aravalli.
The largest plateau in Aravalli is located in South Aravalli.

Major plateau of Rajasthan (Major plateau of Aravalli)

S. No.	Plateau	Location	Height (Meter)	Features
1	Oriya Plateau	Sirohi (Southern Aravalli)	1360	This is the highest plateau of Rajasthan and Sirohi.
2	Abu Block	Sirohi (Southern Aravalli)	1200	This is the second highest plateau of Sirohi and the third highest plateau of Rajasthan. This dome-shaped structure is an example of ‘Batholith’ (Dome Shape). This is not a mountain, but a plateau.
3	Bhorat Plateau	Between the Kumbhalgarh hills of Rajsamand and the Gogunda hills of Udaipur (Southern Aravallis)	1225	Jarga, the highest peak of Mewar Aravalli is situated on this. This is the second highest plateau of Rajasthan.
4	Bhomat Plateau	Mainly Dungarpur and Udaipur (Southern Aravalli)		This is a hilly and plateau region. The Bhil tribe lives mostly here.
5	Lasadiya Plateau	Salumber (priority) and Pratapgarh (earlier Udaipur) (Southern Aravalli)		This is a rugged plateau situated to the east of Jaisamand Lake (Salumbhar).
6	Kranska Plateau	Sariska, Alwar (Northern Aravallis)
7	Kakanwadi Plateau	Sariska, Alwar (Northern Aravallis)
8	Mesa Plateau	Chittorgarh (Hadoti)		This is not a part of Aravalli. It is related to Chittorgarh Fort.
9	Mandesra Plateau	Chittorgarh (Hadoti)		This is not a part of Aravalli. It is related to Bhainsrorgarh Sanctuary.

Major passes of Rajasthan (Major passes of Aravalli) :-

The low and narrow path between the mountains is called pass (Naal).
The pass connects the places on two sides of the mountains.
Most of the passes in Rajasthan are located in Southern Aravalli.
Most of the passes in Aravalli are located in Rajsamand district.
According to the district, most of the passes in Rajasthan are located in Rajsamand district.

Major passes of Rajasthan (Major passes of Aravalli)

S. No.	Pass or Naal	Location	Features
1	Dhebar Naal	Salumber (earlier Udaipur) (Southern Aravalli)	It is famous for the Gomti River. Jaisamand Lake (Salumbhar) is situated on the Gomti River in this naal, hence Jaisamand Lake is also called Dhebar Lake.
2	Phulwari Naal	Kotra tehsil, Udaipur (Southern Aravalli)	The Som, Mansi and Wakal rivers flow through this naal.
3	Hathi Guda Naal	Rajsamand (Southern Aravalli)	It connects Rajsamand, Udaipur (Gogundi) and Sirohi.
4	Pagllya Naal	Rajsamand (Southern Aravalli)	It connects Mewar (Rajsamand) and Marwar (Pali).
5	Desuri Naal	Pali (Southern Aravalli)	It connects Pali and Charbhuja Nath Temple (Rajsamand).
6	Barr Naal	ब्यावर (पहले पाली) Beawar (earlier Pali) (Middle Aravalli)	It connects Marwar (Jodhpur and Pali) to Merwara (Beawar, Ajmer).
7	Kevda Naal	Udaipur (Southern Aravalli)
8	Hathi Naal	Udaipur (Southern Aravalli)
9	Kamali/ Khamli Ghat	Rajsamand (Southern Aravalli)
10	Goram Ghat	Rajsamand (Southern Aravalli)
11	Parvariya Naal	Beawar (Central Aravalli)
12	Sura Naal	Beawar (Central Aravalli)
13	Someshwar Naal	Rajsamand

Main rocks of Aravalli :-

The geomorphological structure of Rajasthan and Aravalli has been studied by A.M. Haron.
According to A.M. Haron, Aravalli is formed from the rocks of Delhi Supergroup.
Main rocks of Delhi Supergroup :-
1. Ajabgarh Group : Northern Aravalli from Delhi to Alwar
2. Alwar Group : Middle Aravalli from Alwar to Ajmer
3. Raylo Group : Southern Aravalli from Ajmer to Gujarat

Highest peaks of Rajasthan/Aravalli (descending order)

S. No.	Highest Peak	Location	Height (Meter)	Features
1	Guru Shikhar Peak	Sirohi (Abu Aravalli)	1722	This is the highest peak of Abu Aravalli/Aravalli/Rajasthan. Colonel James Todd has called it The Mountain of Saint.
2	Ser Peak	Sirohi (Abu Aravalli)	1597	It is the second highest peak of Aravalli/Rajasthan.
3	Delwara Peak	Sirohi (Abu Aravalli)	1442	It is the third highest peak of Aravalli/Rajasthan.
4	Jarga Peak	Udaipur (Mewar Aravalli)	1431	It is the fourth highest peak of Aravalli/Rajasthan. It is the highest peak of Mewar Aravalli.
5	Achalgarh Peak	Sirohi (Abu Aravalli)	1380	It is the fifth highest peak of Aravalli/Rajasthan.
6	Kumbhalgarh Peak	Rajsamand	1224
7	Raghunathgarh Peak	Sikar	1055	It is the highest peak of the Northern Aravalli.
8	Hrishikesh Peak	Sirohi	1017
9	Kamalnath Peak	Udaipur	1001
10	Sajjangarh Peak	Udaipur	938
11	Todgarh Peak (Moramji/Goramji Peak)	Beawar	934	This is the highest peak of Central Aravalli.
12	Khoh Peak	Jaipur Rural (earlier Jaipur)	920
13	Sayra Peak	Udaipur	900
14	Taragarh Peak	Ajmer	873	It is the second highest peak of the Central Aravalli.
15	Bilali Peak	Kotputli-Behror (earlier Alwar)	775
16	Roza Bhakar Peak	Jalore	730

Peidmont :-

Peid = Foot
Mont = Mountain
The foothills of the mountains are called piedmont. That is, the foothills (base) of the mountains are called piedmont. For example- Devgarh (Rajsamand)

Major hills or mountains of Rajasthan and Aravali

S. No.	Hills or Mountains	Location	Features
1	Trikoot Hills	Jaisalmer	Sonar Fort is situated on it.
2	Trikoot Mountain	karauli	The Kailadevi temple is situated on it.
3	Chidiya Took Hills	Jodhpur	Mehrangarh Fort is situated on it.
4	Chappan Hills/Sivana Hills/Rounded Hills (Group of 56 hills)	Siwana (Balotra) + Partial Barmer (Balotra priority)	Nakod mountain is also situated in these hills, which is called the Meva Nagar of Rajasthan. Piplud hill is also situated in these hills, which is called the mini Mount Abu of Rajasthan.
5	Roja Bhakar	Jalore
6	Israna Bhakar	Jalore
7	Jharola Bhakar	Jalore
8	Sundha Mountain	Jalore	It is famous for the Sundha Mata Temple. Rajasthan’s first ropeway was started on this mountain in 2006. This mountain has been declared a bear reserve area.
9	Jaswantpura Hills	Jalore	The highest peak of this hill is Dora Mountain, whose height is 869 meters.
10	Bhakar	Sirohi	The small, steep and rugged hills in the Southern Aravalli (Sirohi) are called Bhakar. Bhakar Hills are mainly found in Sirohi district.
11	Bel Ka Magra	Sirohi	This hill is famous for Wollastonite mineral.
12	Rel Ka Magra	Rajsamand
13	Moti Magri	Near Fatehsagar Lake (Udaipur)
14	Machhala Magra	Near Pichola Lake (Udaipur)	The Mansa Purna Karni Mata Temple is situated on this hill. In 2008, Rajasthan’s second ropeway was installed on this hill.
15	Hiran Magri	Udaipur
16	Jarga Hills	Udaipur
17	Raga Hills	Udaipur	The green area situated between the Jarga and Raga hills in Udaipur is called Deshharo, which is located in Southern Aravalli (Udaipur).
18	Gagunda Hills	Udaipur	The Bedach/Aayad river originates from this hill.
19	Beechhmera Hills	Udaipur	The Som river originates from this hill.
20	Bijral Hills	Rajsamand	The Khari river originates from this hill.
21	Diver Hills	Rajsamand	The Kothari river originates from this hill.
22	Khamnor Hills	Rajsamand	The Banas river originates from this hill. Kothari and Khari are tributaries of Banas.
23	Todgarh Hills	Beawar (earlier Ajmer-Merwara)	The highest peak of the Central Aravalli in Rajasthan is Todgarh (934 m).
24	Taragarh Hills	Ajmer (Merwara)	The total height of Taragarh Peak is 873 meters.
25	Nag Hills	Ajmer (Merwara)	The Luni River originates from this hill. These hills are of snake shape. The total height of Nag Peak is 795 meters.
26	Moti Dungri	Jaipur City (earlier Jaipur)	It is famous for the Ganesh temple. (Moti Dungri Ganesh Temple)
27	Jhalana Dungri	Jaipur City (earlier Jaipur)	It is famous for Leopard Project.
28	Eagle Hills/Jaigarh Hills	Jaipur City (earlier Jaipur)	Jaigarh Fort is situated on this hill.
29	Mahadev Dungri	Bairath (Kotputli-Behror) Bairath was earlier in Jaipur	Due to the Bairat civilization the hill was named Mahadev Dungri.
30	Ganesh Dungri	Bairath (Kotputli-Behror)	Due to the Bairat civilization the hill was named Ganesh Dungri.
31	Bheem Dungri	Bairath (Kotputli-Behror)	Due to the Bairat civilization the hill was named Bheem Dungri.
32	Beejak Dungri	Bairath (Kotputli-Behror)	Due to the Bairat civilization the hill was named Beejak Dungri.
33	Sewar Hills	Jaipur Rural (earlier Jaipur)	The Sabi river originates from this hill. The Sabi river is called Nala of Najafgarh in Haryana.
34	Mahonarpur Hills	Jaipur Rural (earlier Jaipur)	The Mentha/Mendha river originates from this hill.
35	Bairath Hills	Kotputli-Behror (earlier Jaipur)	The Banganga river originates from this hill.
36	Barwada Hills	Jaipur Rural (earlier Jaipur)
37	Chouth ka Barwada	Sawai Madhopur	It is famous for the Chauth Mata temple. Lead and zinc reserves are located on this hill. The largest (99.96%) reserves of lead and zinc in India are located in Rajasthan. Karnataka state is in second place (0.04%) in lead and zinc reserves in India.
38	Baabai Hills	Jaipur Rural (earlier Jaipur)
39	Babai Hills	Neem Ka Thana (earlier Jhunjhunu)
40	Malkhat Hills	Sikar
41	Khandela Hills	Sikar	The Kantli river originates from this hill. The Rohila region of this hill is famous for its uranium reserves. The largest uranium mine in India is Jadugoda Mine (Singhbhum district, Jharkhand). The second largest uranium mine in India is Tummalapalli Mine (Andhra Pradesh). The third largest uranium mine in India is Rohila region mine (Khandela hill, Sikar).
42	Harsh Hills	Sikar	Harshnath Temple and Jeenmata Temple are situated on this hill.
43	Kajal Hills	Sikar	This hill is a part of Harsh Hill. A ropeway has been built on this hill.
44	Harshnath Hills	Alwar
45	Udaynath Hills	Alwar	The Ruparel River originates from this hill.
46	Bhairanch Hills	Alwar
47	Bhangarh Hills	Alwar
48	Sirawas Hills	Alwar
49	Sirabas Hill	Alwar
50	Bijasan Hills	Bhilwara	The Ruparel River originates from this hill. (Bijasan Mata Temple is located at Indragarh place in Bundi.)
51	Arawala Mountain	Bundi

Jalore : Granite rocks are mainly found in the hills of Jalore, Barmer and Sirohi (Abu). Among these, most granite rocks are found in Jalore district, hence Jalore is called the 'Granite City of Rajasthan'.

Ropeway of Rajasthan : At present 7

S. No	Ropeway	Location	Start	Length (Meter)
1	Sundha Mata Temple	Sundha Mountain (Jalore)	20 December, 2006	800
2	Shri Manshapurna Karni Mata Temple	Machla Magra (Udaipur)	8 June, 2008	387
3	Savitri Mata Temple	Pushkar	3 May, 2016 (By Vasundhara Raje)	700
4	Samode Veer Hanuman Temple	Chaumu (Jaipur)	25 May, 2019	400
5	Shree Khole Ke Hanuman Ji Temple	Jaipur	28 September, 2023 (By Kalraj Mishra)	436
6	Neemach Mata Ropeway	Udaipur	22 January, 2024 (By Gulabchand Kataria)	430
7	Kajal Shikhar Mata Temple (Jeen Mata Temple)	Kajal Hill (Sikar)	10 April, 2024	500

Importance of Aravalli in Rajasthan :-

Desertification : Aravalli act as a barrier to prevent or limit desertification.
Biodiversity : The highest biodiversity in Rajasthan is found in Aravalli because vegetation is found more in Aravalli.
Drainage system or rivers : Most of the rivers of Rajasthan originate from Aravalli.
Tribes : Most of the tribes of Rajasthan are found in Aravalli, due to this Aravalli is called the refuge of the tribes. In which mainly Meena (Jaipur), Bhil (Udaipur), Garasia (Sirohi) tribes live.
Minerals : Metallic minerals are found more in Aravalli, because Aravalli is formed from Dharwad series of rocks (Dharwad rocks).
Tourism : Aravalli attracts tourism in Rajasthan because the famous religious place ‘Pushkar’ (Ajmer) and Rajasthan’s only hill station ‘Mount Abu’ (Sirohi) are situated in Aravalli.
Civilization : Aravalli mountain range is called the birthplace of ancient civilizations (Ahar, Bairat, Ganeshwar) and new urban civilizations (Jaipur, Ajmer, Udaipur).
Lake : Most of the lakes of Rajasthan (fresh water lakes) are found in Aravalli, which attracts tourism. Like-
1. Pichola Lake (Udaipur)
2. Fatehsagar Lake (Udaipur)
3. Jaisamand Lake (Salumbar) – earlier Udaipur
4. Pushkar Lake (Ajmer)
5. Ana Sagar Lake (Ajmer)
6. Man Sagar Lake (Jaipur)
Water Divide Line : Aravali is also called water divide line, because it divides the drainage system of Rajasthan into two parts. Like-
1. Rivers falling in Bay of Bengal (East)
2. Rivers falling in Arabian Sea (West)
  - Note : Bhorat plateau in Rajasthan also acts as water divider.
Planning region : Aravali is also called planning region, because most of the schemes of Rajasthan government are related to it. Such as-
1. Tribal development
2. Mineral production
3. Biodiversity conservation
4. Tourism

Eastern plains

Formation	On the Tethys Sea (from sediments deposited by rivers)
Formation Period	Pleistocene Age
Area	23%
Population	39%
District	10
Soil	Alluvial Soil
Climate	Humid

Study of the eastern plain of Rajasthan :-

For the purpose of study, the eastern plain of Rajasthan has been divided into three parts. For example-
1. Mahi Plain
2. Banas and Banganga Plain
3. Chambal Plain

1. Mahi Plain :-

The southern plain of Rajasthan is called Mahi/Vagad/Bhati Plain.
Expansion : Banswara (most), Pratapgarh (Kanthal) and Dungarpur
Soil : Red Loamy Soil
Crops produced :-
1. Maize : Mahi Kanchan and Mahi Dhawal are high yielding varieties (HYV) of maize.
  - HYV Full Form : High Yielding Variety
2. Rice : Mahi Sugandha (Improved Rice Variety – HYV)
3. Sugarcane
Pratapgarh is situated on the bank of Mahi river, hence Mahi river is called ‘Ganga of Kanthal’.
Mahi river forms the plain of Kanthal in Pratapgarh in Rajasthan.
Mahi river is called ‘Ganga of Vagad’ and ‘Ganga of tribals’.

Note :- Chhappan Plain : The plain of Mahi river in Banswara and Pratapgarh is called Chhappan plain because the Chhappan plain is spread over 56 villages.

2. Banas and Banganga Plain :-

Banas Plain : To the east of Aravalli
- Soil : Mainly brown soil
- For the purpose of study, Banas Plain is divided into two parts. For example-
  1. Mewar Plain (Southern Plain of Banas) :-
    - Expansion : Udaipur, Rajsamand, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Shahpura
  2. Malpura-Karauli Plain (Northern Plain of Banas) :-
    - Expansion : Ajmer, Kekri, Tonk, Sawai Madhopur
Banganga Plain (Rohi Plain) : To the east of Aravalli
- Expansion : Bharatpur (most), Dausa, Jaipur Rural, Kotputli-Baharod
- Soil : Mainly alluvial soil
- Population density is high in this plain.

3. Chambal Plain :-

The badland topographies formed by the gully erosion of Chambal river are called Beehad, which are found in the Chambal plains.
Expansion : Chittorgarh, Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Dholpur, Gangapur City
Soil : Black-alluvial soil

Rajasthan plains according to direction

S. No	Plain	Direction (In Rajasthan)
1	Ghaggar Plain	North
2	Mahi Plain	South
3	Chambal Plain	East
4	Luni Plain	West
5	Yamuna Plain	North-East
6	Sindhu Plain	North-West

Importance of the eastern plain of Rajasthan :-

Fertile Plains :-
- This region is formed by the sediments deposited by the rivers. Therefore, this region is the most fertile physical region. For example – Ban Ganga Plains
- Alluvial soil is mainly found in the plains.
Population : Population density is high in this region.
Industrial Development : Industrial development has taken place more in this region as compared to other physical regions.
Infrastructure : Infrastructure development has taken place more in this region.
Bird Biodiversity : Bird biodiversity is found to be the highest in this region
- Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur)
- Bandh Baretha Wildlife Sanctuary (Bayana Tehsil, Bharatpur)

4. Hadoti Plateau

The Hadoti plateau is also called the ‘south-eastern plateau region of Rajasthan’.

General information of Hadoti Plateau

Formation	On Gondwanaland (from basalt lava)
Formation Period	Cretaceous Period
Average Height	500 Meter
Area	6.89%
Population	11%
District	7
Soil	Black/ Cotton Soil
Climate	Very Humid

Study of Hadoti Plateau :-

From the study point of view, the plateau of Hadoti is divided into 2 main and 3 sub division parts. Like-
Main part :-
1. Vindhyan Scarpland :-
  - Located : South-east of Hadoti
  - Expansion : Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Dholpur
  - Major rocks or minerals like sandstone (most), limestone, Kota stone, red stone and diamond are found in it.
2. Deccan Lava Plateau :-
  - Located : South of Hadauti
  - Expansion : Expansion in Rajasthan-
    - Upparmal Plateau : Bhilwara (Bijolia) and Chittorgarh (Bhainsrodgarh)
    - Malva Pradesh : Pratapgarh and Jhalawar
Sub division part :-
1. Crescent Shaped Hill :-
2. Located : Bundi Hills (Bundi) and Mukundra Hills (Kota- Priority, Jhalawar)
  - This hill has-
    - Northern part : Bundi Hills
    - Southern part : Mukundra Hills
3. Shahabad Upland (Baran) : In this region, a horseshoe shaped hill is located in Baran district.
4. Dag-gangdhar Upland (Jhalawar)

Great Boundary Fault (GBF) :-

This is a fault, which is situated between Aravalli and Hadauti in Rajasthan.
Extension: Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Dholpur
It is located to the east of Aravalli and north-west of Hadauti.