Chauhan Dynasty : Sambhar/Ajmer, Ranthambore, Nadol, Jalore, Sirohi, Bundi, Kota
History of Chauhan Dynasty
The following are the views related to the origin of Chauhan dynasty-
Agnivanshi (Theory of Fire Pit) : According to the theory of fire pit given in Chandrabardai’s book ‘Prithviraj Raso’, Rishi Vasishtha performed a Yagya on Mount Abu. Four Rajput dynasties originated from the fire pit of this Yagya. For example-
Chalukyas (Chalukyas were also called Solanki.)
Parmara
Pratihar
Chauhan (born last)
Later on, Muhanout Nainasi and Suryamall Meesan also supported the theory of fire pit.
Suryavanshi : According to the following, Chauhan was a Suryavanshi.
Prithviraj Vijay (Book)
Hammir Mahakavya (Book)
Hammir Rasau (Book)
Ajmer inscription of Vigraharaj IV
Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha (Historian)
Surjan Charitra
Chauhan Prashasti
Chandravanshi : According to Hansi (Haryana) inscription (1167 AD) and Achaleshwar temple inscription, Chauhan was a Chandravanshi.
Brahmin : According to the following, Chauhan was a Brahmin.
Bijolia inscription (Bhilwara)
Chandravati inscription (Sirohi)
Qayam Rasau (Book)
Dashrath Sharma (Historian) : (His book- The Early Chauhan Dynasty)
Gopinath Sharma (told on the basis of Bijolia inscription)
Foreigner : According to the following, Chauhan was a foreigner.
James Todd (According to this, Chauhans were Shak/Scythians.)
William Crooke (He wrote the biography of James Todd.)
V. Smith
Descendants of Indra : According to Sewadi inscription (Pali) of Raipal, Chauhans were descendants of Indra.
Place of origin of Chauhans : Sapadalaksha (meaning – sava laakh)
Sapadalaksha was the area around Sambhar lake.
Capital of Chauhans : Ahicchatrapur (ancient name of Nagaur, Ahi = name)
Ramkaran Asopa (historian) : According to this, initially Chauhans lived around Sambhar lake, hence they are called Chauhans.
Princely states of Chauhan dynasty in Rajasthan
S. No.
Princely States
1
Sambhar/ Ajmer
2
Ranthambhore
3
Nadol
4
Jalore
5
Sirohi
6
Bundi
7
Kota
1. Chauhan dynasty of Sambhar/ Ajmer
Sambhar was ruled by the Chauhan dynasty.
Founder : Vasudev
Prominent king of Chauhan dynasty of Sambhar/ Ajmer
S. No.
king
Reign period
1
Vasudev
2
Guvak first
3
Chandanraj
4
Vakpatiraja
5
Vigraharaja-II
6
Govind-III
7
Durlabhraj-III
8
Vigraharaja-III
9
Prithviraj-I
10
Ajayraj
1105-1133 AD
11
Arnoraj (Aanaji)
1133-1155 AD
12
Jagdev
13
Vigraharaja-IV
1158-1163 AD
14
Apargangey
15
Prithviraj-II
16
Someshwar
17
Prithviraj-III (Prithviraj Chauhan)
1177-1192 AD
18
Govindraj
19
Hariraj
1. Vasudev
He was the founder of Chauhan dynasty in Sambhar.
According to Rajashekhar’s book ‘Prabandh Kosh’, he established Chauhan kingdom in Sambhar in 551 AD.
According to Bijolia inscription, he built Sambhar Lake (Jaipur Rural) and made Nagaur his capital.
2. Guvak first
Chauhan was earlier a vassal of Gurjar Pratiharas.
The capital of Pratiharas was Bhinmal (Jalore).
Bhinmal’s Pratihara king Nagabhatta-II gave him the title of ‘Veer’.
Later on, he refused to accept the supremacy of Pratiharas.
Thus he was the first independent Chauhan king.
He built Harshnath temple.
Harshnath is the presiding deity of Chauhans.
3. Chandanraj
Queen : Atmaprabha
Other name : Rudrani
She used to worship Lord Shiva by lighting 1000 lamps in Pushkar Lake (Ajmer).
She was adept in yoga practice.
4. Vakpatiraja
He was the winner of 108 wars.
His son Lakshmanaraj established the Chauhan kingdom in Nadol (Pali).
5. Vigraharaja-II
He defeated the Chalukya king Mulraj I of Gujarat.
He built the temple of Ashapura Mata in Bharuch (Gujarat).
Ashapura Mata is the clan deity of Chauhans.
6. Govind-III
According to Muslim historian Firishta, he did not allow the king of Ghazni to cross Marwar.
At this time, the Chalukya king of Gujarat, Bhima I was also with him.
According to Prithviraj Vijay (book), he was given the title of Vairighatta (enemy destroyer).
7. Durlabhraj-III
According to Dasharatha Sharma, he confronted King Ibrahim of Ghazni.
8. Vigraharaja-III
He defeated King Shahabuddin of Ghazni.
9. Prithviraj-I
He defeated the Muslim invader Bagulishah.
10. Ajayraj
Reign period : 1105-1133 AD
In 1113 AD, he founded Ajmer and built a fort here.
The original name of Ajmer was Ajaymeru.
He defeated King Garjan Matang of Ghazni.
He presented a golden urn (kalash) to the Parshvanath temple.
He presided over the debate between Digambaras and Shwetambars.
He issued silver and copper coins in the name of his queen Somaldevi (Somlekha), which were called Ajaypriya Dramma.
In his last days, he made his son Arnoraj the king and himself became a sanyasi.
He was the only Chauhan king to become a sanyasi in his last days.
11. Arnoraj (Aanaji)
Reign period : 1133-1155 AD
Other name : Aanaji
Queen :-
Sudhwa :-
Son :-
Jagdev
Vigraharaj IV
Kanchan Devi :-
Son :-
Someshwar
In 1135 AD, he defeated the Turks and built Ana Sagar Lake (Ajmer) at the site of the war.
He defeated King Narvarman of Malwa (Madhya Pradesh).
He defeated the Chalukya king Jaisingh Siddharaj of Gujarat.
Jaisingh Siddharaj married his daughter Princess Kanchan Devi to him.
The Chalukya king Kumarpal of Gujarat defeated him.
The description of this war is found in ‘Prabandh Chintamani’ and ‘Prabandh Kosh’ (Rajshekhar).
He got his princess Jalhan Devi married to Kumarpal.
After winning Ajmer, Kumarpal went to Chittor.
He built Varaha temple (Vishnu) in Pushkar (Ajmer).
He donated land to Khartargachchha community (Jainism).
Jain court scholars :-
Dev Bodh
Dharmghosha
He was murdered by his son Jaggadeva.
12. Jagdev
Father : Arnoraj
Mother : Sudhwa
His brother Vigraharaj IV removed him from the position of king.
13. Vigraharaja-IV
Father : Arnoraj
Mother : Sudhwa
Reign period: 1158-1163 AD
According to historian Dashrath Sharma, his reign was the golden period of the Chauhans of Ajmer.
He defeated Gujarat’s King Kumarpal Chalukya.
According to the Bijolia inscription, he defeated the Tomar kings of Dillika (ancient name of Delhi) and made them his vassals.
He installed the Delhi Shivalik pillar inscription, which is written just below Ashoka’s Delhi Topra inscription (Haryana).
He established a Sanskrit school named ‘Saraswati Kanthabharana’ in Ajmer.
Lines from the books Harkeli and Lalit Vigraharaj were written on the walls of this school.
Later Qutubuddin Aibak demolished this school and built a mosque in its place which is called ‘Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra’.
Peer Punjabshah’s 2½ day Urs is held near this mosque.
On the advice of Dharmaghosha Suri, he banned animal slaughter on Ekadashi of every month.
Book (Drama) : Harakeli (This book is based on Bharavi’s Kiratarjuniyam book.)
He founded Bisalpur city and got a pond and a Shiva temple constructed here.
Court scholar :-
Somdev
Book : Lalit Vigraharaj
This book describes the love story of Vigraharaj-IV and Desal Devi.
According to this book, Vigraharaj-IV defeated King Khusro Shah of Ghazni.
Titles :-
Bisaldev
Kavi Bandhu : According to Prithviraj Vijay (book), he was given the title of Kavi Bandhu. (According to Jayanak Bhatt, he was given the title of Kavi Bandhav.)
Kilhorn compared it with Kalidas and Bhavabhuti.
Bisaldev Rasau (Book) :-
Author : Narpati Nalha
Language : Gaudwadi language (This is a dialect of Marwari, which is spoken between Bali (Pali) and Ahor (Jalore).)
14. Apargangey
Father : Vigraharaj-IV
He was removed from the position of king by Jaggadeva’s son Prithviraj-II and he himself became the king.
15. Prithviraj-II
Father : Jaggadev
According to the Hansi (Haryana) inscription of 1167 AD, he built a fort in Hansi (Haryana) and appointed his maternal uncle Guhil Kilhan here.
According to the Dhod inscription (Bhilwara) of the Roothi Rani temple (Shiva temple, Bhilwara) of 1168 AD, he had acquired his kingdom by force.
The name of one of his queens Suhav Devi is found in the Dhod inscription, which is the real name of the Roothi Rani.
He built the Suheswar temple (Shiva temple) in Menal (Bhilwara).
16. Someshwar
His childhood was spent in Gujarat.
Father : Arnoraj
Mother : Kanchan Devi
Queen : Karpuri Devi (daughter of King Achalraj Kalchuri of Chedi (Madhya Pradesh))
He defeated King Mallikarjuna of Konkan (Maharashtra), who was the enemy of King Kumarpal Chalukya of Gujarat.
He was married to Princess Karpuri Devi, daughter of King Achalraj Kalchuri of Chedi (Madhya Pradesh).
He got his and his father Arnoraj’s statues installed in Ajmer.
He got Vaidyanath temple built in Ajmer, in which statues of Lord Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh were installed.
Bijolia inscription was installed during his rule in 1170 AD.
Title : Pratap Lankeshwar (according to Bijolia inscription)
Bijolia Inscription :-
Time : 1170 AD
Place : Bhilwara
This was installed in Parshvanath temple by Digambar Jain Lolak.
Creator : Gunabhadra
Author : Keshav
Engraver : Govind
In this, we get information about the administrative division of the state. Like- (Country > Pattan > Pur > Palli > Village)
In this, we get information about administrative officers. Like- (in sequence)
Unit = Officer
Gram = Mahtar
Pratigan = Parigrahi
According to this inscription-
Chauhan is a Brahmin of Vatsa gotra.
Vasudev got Sambhar lake constructed.
Vigraharaj IV conquered Delhi.
This inscription was installed during the time of Someshwar.
Someshwar donated ‘Revana’ village to Parshvanath temple (Jain temple).
In this inscription, Someshwar’s title ‘Pratap Lankeshwar’ has been mentioned.
Information about Shaivite and Jain pilgrimage places is available in this inscription.
Information about the ancient names of cities of Rajasthan/India is available in this inscription such as-
S. No.
Ancient names
Current name
1
Vijayavalli
Bijolia
2
Uttamadri
Uparmaal
3
Mandalkar
Mandalgarh
4
Naghrud
Nagda
5
Shakambhari
Sambar
6
Ahichattrapur
Nagaur
7
Naddul
Nadol
8
Jabalipur
Jalore
9
Shrimal
Bhinmal
10
Dhillika
Delhi
17. Prithviraj-III (Prithviraj Chauhan)
Reign period : 1177-1192 AD
Other name : Prithviraj Chauhan
Father : Someshwar
Mother : Karpoori Devi
He became king at the young age of 11 years.
Protector : Karpoori Devi
He suppressed the rebellion of his cousins (Nagarjuna and Apargangya).
Nagarjuna made Gurugram (Haryana) his main center.
In 1182 AD, he suppressed the rebellion of Bhandanak tribe in Mathura, Alwar and Bharatpur areas, information of which is available in the books of Jinpati Suri (Jain).
Bhandanak tribe came from Sutlej region of Punjab and started living in Gurugram and Hisar areas of Haryana.
Titles :-
Rai Pithora
Dalpungal
Cultural achievements :-
He established the Department of Art and Culture and made Padmanabh the minister of this department.
He built the Pithoragarh fort near Delhi.
Court scholar :-
Chandbardai (Prithvi Bhatt) :-
Book : Prithviraj Raso
Jayanak :-
Book : Prithviraj Vijay
Vagishwar Janardan
Vidyapati Gaud
Vishwaroop
Ashadhar
Prominent ministers :-
Kadambavas/ Kaimas
Bhuvanmall
Skanda
Vaman
Sodh
Evaluation :-
He is accused of being an immature commander and a short-sighted king, but this allegation is not correct because before the second battle of Tarain he had not faced defeat in any war, so he cannot be called an immature commander.
Not attacking the fleeing army of the enemy (Mohammad Gauri) and releasing the enemy (Mohammad Gauri) after he apologized were the ideals of the Indian culture of that time and he was following these ideals.
Although his defeat paved the way for India’s slavery, yet his importance in the history of medieval India cannot be ignored.
Battle of Mahoba :-
Other name : Battle of Tumul
Time : 1182 AD
Place : Mahoba (Madhya Pradesh)
Middle : Prithviraj Chauhan Vs Parmardidev Chandel (King of Mahoba)
Reason : Parmardidev Chandel got the injured soldiers of Prithviraj Chauhan killed.
In this war, Prithviraj Chauhan won and Parmardidev Chandel lost.
Prithviraj Chauhan made Panjvanrai the administrator of Mahoba.
In this war, Parmardidev Chandel’s generals were Alha and Udal.
Battle of Nagaur :-
Time : 1184 AD
Middle : Prithviraj Chauhan Vs Bhima-II Chalukya (King of Gujarat)
Reason :-
Both of them wanted to expand their empire.
There was a long standing enmity between Chauhans and Chalukyas.
Both of them wanted to marry Ichhini Devi, princess of Parmar dynasty of Abu (Sirohi), but Prithviraj Chauhan married her.
Bhima-II’s commander Jagdev Pratihar got the treaty done between the two.
Chauhan-Gahadawal dispute :-
Middle : Prithviraj Chauhan Vs Jaichand (King of Kannauj (Uttar Pradesh))
Reason :-
There were tense relations between the two to become the successor of Delhi.
Jaichand was helping Parmardidev Chandel against Prithviraj Chauhan.
Prithviraj Chauhan kidnapped Jaichand’s daughter Sanyogita and married her.
Dashrath Sharma :-
Book : The early Chauhan dynasty
It has accepted the love story of Prithviraj Chauhan and Sanyogita as a historical fact.
It has described the love story of Prithviraj Chauhan and Sanyogita in its book “The early Chauhan dynasty”.
First Battle of Tarain :-
Time : 1191 AD
Place : Tarain (Haryana)
Middle : Prithviraj Chauhan Vs Mohammad Gauri (Ruler of Ghazni)
Reason :-
Mohammad Gauri wanted to expand his empire.
There was a long standing enmity between the kings of Ghazni and Chauhans.
Immediate cause : Mohammad Gauri had captured Tabar Hind (present Bathinda/Bhatinda) of Punjab.
Prithviraj Chauhan was victorious in this war and Ziauddin was arrested.
In this war, Prithviraj Chauhan’s commander Govindraj Tomar (Delhi) injured Mohammad Gauri.
Second Battle of Tarain :-
Time : 1191 AD
Place : Tarain (Haryana)
Middle : Prithviraj Chauhan Vs Mohammad Gauri (Ruler of Ghazni)
In this war, Mohammad Gauri won and Prithviraj Chauhan lost.
Mohammad Gauri arrested Prithviraj Chauhan from a place called Saraswati near Sirsa (Haryana) and killed him.
According to historian Hasan Nizami, Prithviraj Chauhan ruled under Mohammad Gauri for some days, which has been described by Hasan Nizami in his book ‘Taj-ul-Masir’.
Reasons for the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in this war :-
Prithviraj Chauhan had differences with his neighboring states, so no king helped him against Mohammad Gauri.
In this war, Prithviraj Chauhan’s army was less than Mohammad Gauri’s army because Prithviraj Chauhan’s generals were busy on other borders.
After the first battle of Tarain, Prithviraj Chauhan had given Mohammad Ghori enough time to prepare for the war.
Mohammad Ghori was a good commander, so he defeated Prithviraj Chauhan with his diplomacy.
In this war, the Turks used horses, while the Rajputs used elephants.
In this war, the Turks used lighter weapons than the Rajputs.
Political effects of this war (results or importance) :-
After the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, it became easier for the successors of Mohammad Ghori to rule India. And from here the foundation of Turkish rule was laid in India.
The emerging political ambition of the Rajputs ended and after Prithviraj Chauhan, no Rajput or Hindu king was able to capture Delhi again.
The series of foreign rule started in India which continued till 1947.
Cultural effects of this war (results or importance) : Due to the establishment of Turkish rule, positive and negative effects were seen on Indian art and culture. Such as-
Positive effects :-
A common culture called Indo Islamic emerged in India whose effects were seen on architecture, literature, music and painting.
Sufi and Bhakti movements started in India.
Negative effects :-
Turks destroyed Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries which caused loss to Indian art and culture.
After 1200 AD, Buddhist culture almost vanished from India.
Turkic invaders destroyed learning centers which led to decline in education.
18. Govindraj
He accepted the suzerainty of the Turks and became the king of Ajmer.
His uncle Hariraj removed him from the post of king and himself became the king of Ajmer.
After this he went to Ranthambore and established the Chauhan kingdom there.
19. Hariraj
He sent his commander Chatarraj to attack Delhi, but Chatarraj had to face defeat.
In 1194 AD Qutubuddin Aibak (Delhi) attacked Ajmer (Hariraj) and defeated Hariraj, after which Hariraj committed suicide. So now Ajmer came under the rule of Turks.
2. Chauhan dynasty of Ranthambore
Ranthambore was ruled by the Chauhan dynasty.
Founder : Govindraj
Prominent king of the Chauhan dynasty of Ranthambore
S. No.
King
Reign period
1
Govindraj
2
Walhan
3
Prahlaadan
4
Veeranarayana
5
Vagbhata
6
Jaitrasingh
7
Hammir Dev Chauhan
1282-1301 AD
1. Govindraj
Father : Prithviraj III (Prithviraj Chauhan)
In 1194 AD, he established the Chauhan kingdom in Ranthambore.
4. Veeranarayana
He was killed fighting against Iltutmish, the king of Delhi.
5. Vagbhata
Delhi’s King Nasiruddin Mahmud attacked Ranthambore, but did not succeed.
6. Jaitrasingh
He ruled Ranthambore for 32 years and during his lifetime he made his son Hammir Dev Chauhan the king.
7. Hammir Dev Chauhan
Reign period : 1282-1301 AD
Father : Jaitrasingh
Queen : Rangdevi
Daughter : Devalde
Guru : Raghavdev
He won 16 out of 17 wars and defeated many kings. Like-
Samar Singh (King of Mewar)
Pratap Singh (King of Abu, Sirohi)
Bhoj Parmar II (King of Dhar Nagari, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh)
The capital of Malwa in Madhya Pradesh was Dhar Nagari.
Arjun (King of Bhimras, Uttar Pradesh)
Jalaluddin Khilji (Delhi) attacked Ranthambore twice (1290, 1292 AD), but he did not succeed, after which Jalaluddin Khilji said that “I do not consider 10 such forts equal to a hair of a Muslim”, information about this was given by Amir Khusro in his book “Mifta-ul-Futuh”.
Court Scholars :-
Raghavdev
Bijaditya
Cultural Achievements :-
He wrote a book named ‘Shringar Haar’.
He built a 32 pillared chhatri in Ranthambore in memory of his father Jaitrasingh’s 32 years of rule.
He organized Koti Yagya whose priest was Vishwaroop.
Evaluation :-
He is accused of increasing taxes and fighting wars out of stubbornness, but he can be freed from these allegations.
Taxes were increased during the war because more money was needed during the war and this was done by all the kings and he had never increased taxes before this.
Protecting the refugees was the ideal of the Indian culture of that time and he was also following this ideal.
His bravery and the spirit of sacrificing everything to protect the refugees is not only unforgettable but also puts him in the first row.
It is rightly said about him that-
"Sinh gaman, satpurush vachan, kadali phalai ek baar. Tiriya tel, hammeer hath, chadhe na doojee baar."
Ranthambore invasion of Alauddin Khilji :-
In 1301 A.D. Alauddin Khilji (Delhi) attacked Ranthambore.
At this time Alauddin Khilji’s commander Nusrat Khan and Hammir Dev Chauhan’s commander Bhim Singh were killed while fighting in the war.
In this war Ranmal and Ratipal betrayed Hammir Dev Chauhan.
At this time Sakka was performed in Ranthambore which was the first Sakka of Rajasthan.
Sakka : The attack/war in which Jauhar and Kesaria both happen together is called Sakka.
Jauhar was performed under the leadership of Hammir Dev Chauhan’s queen Rangdevi and Kesaria was performed under the leadership of Hammir Dev Chauhan.
Information about this Jauhar was given by Amir Khusro in his book ‘Khazain-ul-Futuh’ (Tarikh-e-Alai) written in Persian language, which is the first information about Jauhar in Persian language.
Hammir Dev Chauhan’s daughter Devalde committed Jauhar by jumping into the Padma pond.
On July 11, 1301 AD, Alauddin Khilji took over Ranthambore and handed over Ranthambore to his commander Ulug Khan.
After Alauddin Khilji conquered Ranthambore, Amir Khusro said that “Today the house of Kufr has become the house of Islam.”
Reason :-
Alauddin Khilji wanted to expand his empire.
Ranthambhore Fort was located on the trade route from Delhi to Gujarat and Malwa (Madhya Pradesh).
Ranthambhore Fort was famous for its strategic importance.
Alauddin Khilji wanted to take revenge for the failure of his uncle Jalaluddin Khilji.
Immediate reason : Hammir Dev Chauhan had given shelter to Alauddin Khilji’s rebels Muhammad Shah and Kehbru.
Hammir Dev Chauhan’s commanders at this time :-
Bhim Singh (he was killed fighting)
Dharam Singh
Alauddin Khilji’s commanders at this time :-
Nusrat Khan (he was killed fighting)
Ulug Khan
Alap Khan
Jhain :-
It is called the key of Ranthambore.
Alauddin Khilji changed its name to Nau Shahar.
Books related to Hammir Dev Chauhan
S. No.
Books
Author
1
Hammira Mahakavya
Nayachandra Suri
2
Hammir Raso
Sharangdhar
3
Hammir Raso
Jodharaja
4
Hammir Hath
Chandrashekhar
5
Hammir Bandhan
Amrit Kailash
6
Hammirayan
Bhandau Vyas
7
Hammir Raso
Mahesh
3. Chauhan dynasty of Nadol
Nadol was ruled by the Chauhan dynasty.
Founder : Laxmanraj
Prominent king of Chauhan dynasty of Nadol
S. No.
King
1
Laxmanraj
2
Kelhan
1. Laxmanraj
Father : Vakpatiraj (King of Chauhan dynasty in Sambhar)
In 960 AD, he established the Chauhan kingdom in Nadol.
He built the temple of Ashapura Mata in Nadol (Pali).
Kuldevi of Chauhans : Ashapura Mata
2. Kelhan
He participated in the battle of Kayandra.
He married his two daughters ‘Giga Devi’ and ‘Shringar Devi’ to Parmar King Dharavarsha of Abu.
His younger brother Kirtipal Chauhan established the Chauhan kingdom in Jalore.
4. Chauhan dynasty of Jalore
Jalore was ruled by the Sonagara branch of the Chauhan dynasty.
Founder : Kirtipal
Jalore was called Jabalipur because of sage Jabali.
It was named Jalore because of the abundance of Jal trees.
The fort of Jalore is situated on the Sonagara hill, hence the Chauhans of Jalore were called Sonagara Chauhans.
The fort of Jalore is called Suvarnagiri, Sonagarh, Kanchangiri.
Prominent king of Chauhan dynasty of Jalore
S. No.
King
1
Kirtipal
2
Samar Singh
3
Uday Singh
4
Chachigdev
5
Samant Singh
6
Kanhad Dev Songara
1. Kirtipal
He participated in the battle of Kaindra.
In 1179 AD, he defeated King Samant Singh of Mewar.
In 1181 AD, he defeated Kuntpal Parmar and established the Sonagara branch of Chauhan dynasty in Jalore.
According to the Sundha inscription, he has been called Rajeshwar.
According to the book ‘Nainasi ri Khyat’ by Muhanout Nainasi, he was a great king.
2. Samar Singh
He built a rampart, armoury and treasury in Jalore.
He married his daughter Lila Devi to King Bhima II Chalukya of Gujarat.
3. Uday Singh
He snatched Mandore (Jodhpur) and Nadol (Pali) from Iltutmish, the ruler of Delhi.
He defeated King Lavana Prasad of Gujarat.
4. Chachigdev
He assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja.
During his rule, two rulers of Delhi, Nasiruddin Mahmud and Balban could not muster the courage to attack Jalore.
5. Samant Singh
In 1291 AD, the ruler of Delhi, Jalaluddin Khilji attacked Jalore and reached Sanchore region of Jalore but Samant Singh with the help of his commander Sarangdev Baghela was successful in stopping Jalaluddin Khilji from advancing further.
6. Kanhad Dev Songara
Alauddin Khilji’s attack on Siwana :-
Time : 1308 AD
In 1308 AD, the ruler of Delhi, Alauddin Khilji attacked Siwana.
Siwana was earlier a part of Jalore, but at present Siwana is a part of Barmer.
At this time, the fort of Siwana was with Kanhaddev Sonagara’s nephews Sataldev Sonagara and Somdev Sonagara.
A soldier named Bhayal of Kanhaddev Sonagara’s army betrayed Sataldev Sonagara and Somdev Sonagara.
At this time, the first Shaka of Siwana (Jalore) took place under the leadership of Sataldev Sonagara and Somdev Sonagara.
Alauddin Khilji took over Siwana and handed it over to his commander Kamaluddin Gurg.
During this attack, a Turkish commander named Nahar Khan was killed while fighting.
The Turks demolished the Mahavir temple of Sanchore (Jalore) and destroyed Bhinmal, a centre of learning.
Siwana :-
Siwana is called the key to Jalore.
Alauddin Khilji changed the name of Siwana to Khairabad.
Battle of Malakana :-
Location : Malkana (Nagaur)
In this war, Kanhaddev Songara defeated the Turk army and arrested the Turk commander Shams Khan.
Alauddin Khilji’s attack on Jalore :-
Time : 1311 AD
In 1311 AD, Alauddin Khilji attacked Jalore.
Reason :-
Alauddin Khilji wanted to expand his empire.
Jalore was situated on the trade route from Delhi to Gujarat and South India.
During the Gujarat invasion of 1299 AD, Alauddin Khilji was not allowed to leave Jalore.
While returning from the Gujarat invasion, Alauddin Khilji’s army was attacked by Jaita Devda, the commander of Kanhaddev Sonagara, and the pieces of Shivalinga being brought from Somnath Temple (Shiv Temple) by Alauddin Khilji’s army were snatched away.
According to historian Farishta, in 1305 A.D., Ain-ul-Mulk Multani, commander of Alauddin Khilji, attacked Jalore and took Kanhaddev Songara with him to Delhi after convincing him, but in Delhi, Kanhaddev Songara accepted Alauddin Khilji’s challenge for war.
According to historian Muhnot Nainsi, the reason for the attack was Firoza’s attraction towards Veeramdev.
Firoza :-
Father : Alauddin Khilji
Nurse mother: Gul Vihisht
She liked Kanhaddev’s son Veeramdev.
She committed sati.
During this attack, Bika Dahiya betrayed Kanhaddev Songara, due to which Bika Dahiya was killed by his wife Hirade.
At this time, Sakka was performed in Jalore under the leadership of Kanhaddev Songara and Veeramdev.
Alauddin Khilji took over Jalore and changed the name of Jalore to Jalalabad.
Alauddin Khilji built the Alai Masjid in Jalore.
Due to the presence of a cannon near the Alai Masjid, it is also called the Topkhana Masjid.
Padmanabha :-
Books :-
Kanhaddev Prabandh
Viramdev Sonagara Ri Vat
5. Chauhan dynasty of Sirohi
Sirohi was ruled by the Devda branch of the Chauhan dynasty.
Prominent king of Chauhan dynasty of Sirohi
S. No.
King
1
Lumba Deora
2
Shivbhan
3
Sahasmal Deora
4
Suratan Devada
5
Bairisal
6
Shivsingh
1. Lumba Deora
In 1311 AD, he defeated the Parmaras and took over Abu (Sirohi) and Chandravati (Sirohi) of the Parmaras.
At this time the capital of the Parmaras was Chandravati. (Earlier the capital of the Parmaras was Abu.)
He made Chandravati his capital.
2. Shivbhan
In 1405 AD, he shifted his capital from Chandravati and made Shivpuri his capital.
3. Sahasmal Deora
In 1425 AD, he established Sirohi and made Sirohi his capital.
4. Suratan Devada
At this time Bija Devda also wanted to capture Sirohi. Therefore, on the advice of Rai Singh of Bikaner, he gave half of Sirohi to Akbar and Akbar gave the same part to Jagmal.
Earlier Akbar had given Jahazpur (Bhilwara) pargana to Jagmal.
Court scholar:-
Dursa Aadha:-
Book: “Rao Suratan Ra Kavit”
The statue of Dursa Aadha is installed in Achalgarh fort.
Battle of Dattani (1583 AD) :-
Time : 1583 AD
Place : Dattani
Middle : Suratan Vs Akbar (King of Delhi)
Surtan won this war.
Commanders against Akbar in this war :-
Jagmal (Mewar) : He was the brother of Maharana Pratap.
Rai Singh (Marwar) : He was the son of Chandrasen.
Danti Singh (Koliwada)
Jagmal and Rai Singh were killed fighting in this war.
5. Bairisal
He gave refuge to Ajit Singh of Marwar (Jodhpur) in Kalindri village (Sirohi) against Aurangzeb, ruler of Delhi.
6. Shivsingh
In 1823 AD, it signed a treaty with the British.
Sirohi was the last princely state of Rajasthan to sign a treaty with the British.
6. Chauhan dynasty of Bundi
Bundi was ruled by the Hada branch of the Chauhan dynasty.
Founder : Deva
Earlier Bundi was ruled by the Meena dynasty.
Bundi was named after Bunda Meena.
In the Ranakpur inscription (Pali), the name of Bundi is written as ‘Vrindavati’.
Prominent king of Chauhan dynasty of Bundi
S. No.
King
1
Deva
2
Jaitrasingh
3
Barsingh
4
Surjan
5
Buddh Singh
6
Vishnu Singh
1. Deva
In 1241 AD, he defeated Jait Meena and established the rule of Hada branch of Chauhan dynasty in Bundi.
2. Jaitrasingh
In 1274 AD, he conquered Kota and annexed it to Bundi state.
3. Barsingh
In 1354 AD, he constructed the Taragarh Fort in Bundi, which is famous for its wall paintings in Rajasthan.
4. Surjan
In 1569 AD, Delhi ruler Akbar attacked Ranthambore.
Bhagwantdas of Amer made a treaty between Delhi ruler Akbar and Chauhan king Surjan of Bundi.
He got Ranchhod temple (Shri Krishna) constructed in Dwarka (Gujarat).
Court scholar :-
Chandrashekhar:-
Books :-
Surjan Charit
Hammir Hath
5. Buddh Singh
Book : Nehtarang
Real son : Ummed Singh
Adopted son : Dalel Singh (He was the son of Salim Singh.)
Queen : Krishna Kanwar (Queen of Dalel Singh and daughter of King Jai Singh of Jaipur)
Queen : Amar Kanwar (She was the sister of King Jai Singh of Jaipur.)
Succession struggle of Bundi :-
Middle : Dalel Singh Vs Ummed Singh
King Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur supported Dalel Singh, while Marathas supported Ummed Singh.
Bundi was the first princely state of Rajasthan whose internal politics was influenced by the Marathas.
Amar Kanwar called Maratha commander Malhar Rao Holkar to support Ummed Singh.
6. Vishnu Singh
In 1818 AD it signed a treaty with the British.
7. Chauhan dynasty of Kota
Kota was ruled by the Hada branch of the Chauhan dynasty.
Prominent king of the Chauhan dynasty of Kota
S. No.
King
1
Madhosingh
2
Mukund singh
3
Bhim Singh
4
Ummed Singh
5
Kishore Singh II
6
Ram Singh II
1. Madhosingh
Father : Ratan Singh (King of Bundi)
The Mughal Emperor Jahangir, the ruler of Delhi, gave Ratan Singh two titles named ‘Ramraj’ and ‘Sarbulandraj’.
In 1631 AD, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, the ruler of Delhi, divided the Bundi state and established the Kota state and declared Madho Singh as the independent king of Kota.
After the success of the Central Asian campaign (invasion), Shah Jahan gifted him a horse named ‘Bad Raftaar’.
2. Mukund singh
He was killed fighting on the side of Dara Shikoh in the battle of Dharmat.
He built the Abali Meeni palace in Kota.
3. Bhim Singh
He was a follower of Vallabh sect.
He changed his name to Krishnadas.
He changed the name of Kota to Nandgram.
He built the Sanwariya Ji temple in Bara.
At the behest of Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar, he attacked Bundi and defeated Bundi’s king Budh Singh.
He changed the name of Bundi to Farrukhabad.
He took two cannons named Dhuldhani and Kadakbilji from the fort of Bundi and took them with him to Kota.
Farrukhsiyar gave him the Shergarh fort of Baran.
He changed the name of Shergarh fort to Barsana.
4. Ummed Singh
In 1817, he signed a treaty with the British.
During the time of Ummed Singh, the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Kota was Jaleem Singh Jhala.
Supplementary Treaty:-
Definition : Making changes in a treaty after signing a treaty or making a treaty twice or adding a treaty to a treaty is called a supplementary treaty.
Time : February, 1818
Middle : Kota State + British
In the treaty signed between the British and the King of Kota, Ummed Singh in 1817, two more things were added in February, 1818, which was called a supplementary treaty.
Two conditions of the supplementary treaty :-
According to the supplementary treaty, Ummed Singh or his descendants will always be the king of Kota and the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Kota, Jaleem Singh Jhala or his descendants will always be appointed as the Diwan of Kota.
All the powers of Kota will be given to the Diwan. (The King will not have any power)
5. Kishore Singh II
Battle of Mangrol :-
Time : 1 October, 1821
Place : Mangrol (Baran)
Middle : Kishor Singh-II Vs Jaleem Singh Jhala
In this war, Jaleem Singh Jhala won and Kishor Singh II lost.
In this war, the British (Colonel James Todd) supported Jaleem Singh Jhala.
In this war, Kishor Singh II’s younger brother Prithvi Singh attained martyrdom.
In his memory, memorials have been built on Bamorikala road, which are known as Surli.
6. Ram Singh II
In 1838, the British divided the Kota princely state and established the Jhalawar princely state and declared Madan Singh Jhala, the grandson of Jaleem Singh Jhala, as the independent king of Jhalawar.
Jhalrapatan was made the capital of Jhalawar.
Jhalawar was the last princely state of Rajasthan. That is, after this, no other princely state was formed in Rajasthan.
Hadauti region : Due to the rule of the Hada branch of Chauhans in Bundi and Kota, the Bundi and Kota regions are called the Hada region.
History of Jhalawar
Jhalawar was ruled by the Jhala dynasty.
Founder : Madan Singh Jhala
Prominent king of Jhalawar
S. No.
King
1
Madan Singh Jhala
2
Rajendra Singh
1. Madan Singh Jhala
Grandfather : Jaleem Singh Jhala
In 1837, he established independent Jhalawar state separate from Kota.
In 1838, Jhalawar state was recognized by the British.
Jhalawar was the last state of Rajasthan.
Jhalrapatan was made the capital of Jhalawar state, which is situated on the banks of Chandrabhaga river.
Jhalrapatan is called the ‘city of bells’ in Rajasthan.
Rome (Italy) is called the ‘city of bells’ in the world.
2. Rajendra Singh
He built a wooden palace in Jhalawar.
He opened all the temples of Jhalawar for Harijans.
