Introduction
- Indian (Rajasthan) agriculture is mainly based on monsoon, due to this agriculture is called ‘Gamble of Monsoon’.
- Agricultural productivity is high in the eastern plain of Rajasthan, due to this the eastern plain is called ‘heart of agriculture’ in Rajasthan.
- Year :-
- The normal year period is from 1 January to 31 December.
- The financial year period is from 1 April to 31 March.
- The agricultural year period is from 1 July to 30 June.
- The North-Western region of Rajasthan, which is comprises of 61% of the total geographical area, is desert or semi-desert, as well as dependent on rainfall.
- The South-Eastern region of Rajasthan, which is about 39% of the total geographical area, is fertile.
- Rajasthan is divided into 10 Agro-Climatic Zones on the basis of climate. Such as-
Agro-Climatic Zones of Rajasthan
S. No. | Agro-Climatic Zones | District Covered | Major Kharif Crops | Major Rabi Crops | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Arid Western Plain (I-A) | Jodhpur City Jodhpur Rural Phalodi Barmer Balotara | Bajra, Moth & Sesamum | Wheat, Mustard & Cuminseed | This is the second largest Agro-Climatic Zone of Rajasthan. |
2 | Irrigated North Western Plain (I-B) | Srigangangar Hanumangarh Anoopgarh | Cotton & Guar | Wheat, Mustard & Gram | Most of the irrigation in this zone is done through canals. This is the second smallest Agro-Climatic Zone of Rajasthan. |
3 | Hyper arid partial irrigated Western Plain (I-C) | Bikaner Jaisalmer Part of Churu (Ratangarh, Sardarsahar, Bidasar & Sujangarh Tehsil) | Bajra, Moth & Guar | Wheat, Mustard & Gram | This is the newest Agro-Climatic Zone of Rajasthan. This is the largest Agro-Climatic Zone of Rajasthan. |
4 | Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage (II-A) | Sikar Neem ka Thana Churu (Exclusive of Ratangarh, Sardarsahar, Bidasar & Sujangarh Tehsil) Jhunjhunu Nagaur Dhidwana and Khuchaman | Bajra, Gura & Pulses | Mustard & Gram | |
5 | Transitional Plain of Luni Basin (II-B) | Jalore Sanchor Sirohi (Exclusive of Pindwara, Aburoad Tehsil) Part of Beawar (Jaitaran & Raipur Tehsil) | Bajra, Guar & Sesamum | Wheat, Mustard & Gram | |
6 | Semi-arid Eastern Plain (III-A) | Ajmer Beawar (Exclusive of Jaitaran, Raipur Tehsil) Jaipur City Jaipur Rural Dausa Tonk Dudu Kekri Khairthal Tizara Kotputli-Behror | Bajra, Guar & Jowar | Wheat, Mustard & Gram | |
7 | Flood Prone Eastern Plain (III-B) | Alwar Deeg Bharatpur Dholpur Karauli Gangapur City Sawai Madhopur | Bajra, Guar & Groundnut | Wheat, Barley, Mustard & Gram | |
8 | Sub-humid Southern Plain (IV-A) | Udaipur Chittorgarh (Exclusive of Badi Sadri Tehsil) Rajasamand Bhilwara Shahpura Part of Sirohi (Pindwara & Abu road Tehsil) | Maize, Pulses & Jowar | Wheat & Gram | |
9 | Humid Southern Plain (IV-B) | Banswara Dungarpur Pratapgarh Salumber Chittorgarh (Badi Sadri Tehsil) | Maize, Paddy, Jowar & Blackgram | Wheat & Gram | This is the smallest Agro-Climatic region of Rajasthan. |
10 | Humid South Eastern Plain (V) | Kota Baran Bundi Jhalawar | Jowar & Soyabean | Wheat & Mustard |
Types of Agriculture
- Agriculture is divided into two types. Such as-
- General Type
- Scientific Type
1. General Type
S. No. | Type of Agriculture | definition/meaning | Features |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mixed Farming | Doing agriculture and animal rearing jointly. | In Rajasthan, it is done mostly in Barmer (Western Rajasthan). |
2 | Barani Agriculture | Agriculture based on monsoon | In Rajasthan, it is done mostly in Barmer (Western Rajasthan). |
3 | Arid Agriculture | Agriculture based on less than 75 cm rainfall like- millet, moong, moth, cluster bean, gram | |
4 | Humid Agriculture | Agriculture based on rainfall more than 75 cm like- sugarcane, rice, wheat, cotton | |
5 | Monoculture | Producing one crop in one field in one agricultural year. | |
6 | Duoculture | Producing two crops in one field in one agricultural year. | |
7 | Oligoculture | Producing three crops in one field in one agricultural year. | |
8 | Relay Culture | This is a system of multiple cropping in which another crop is sown along with the already sown crop. | |
9 | Khadeen Agriculture | Agriculture done by Paliwal Brahmins in western Rajasthan | It is popular in Rajasthan, mainly in Jaisalmer. |
10 | Jhooming Agriculture | Agriculture done by cutting and burning trees | In Rajasthan, shifting agriculture is mainly done in Banswara, Dungarpur and Udaipur. Other names :- 1. Shifting agriculture 2. Slash-Burn Agriculture 3. Walra in Rajasthan 4. Chimata in the Aravalli region of Rajasthan 5. Dajiya in the plains of Rajasthan 6. Agriculture of tribals 7. enemy of the environment (Safeda tree is called enemy of environment.) |
2. Scientific Type
S. No. | Type of Agriculture | Production | Features |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Sericulture | Silk or Silkworm/Rearing | Most of the silk production in India takes place in Karnataka. |
2 | Pisciculture | Fish | |
3 | Apiculture | Honey/Bee | |
4 | Viticulture | Grapes | |
5 | Horticulture | Gardening like fruits, flowers, vegetables | |
6 | Pomoculture | Fruit | |
7 | Floriculture | Flowers | |
8 | Olericulture | Vegetables | |
9 | Silviculture | Forest | |
10 | Vermiculture | Rearing of Earthworm or Vermicompost |
Classification of agriculture
- Classification of agriculture is done in two ways. For example-
- Classification of agriculture on the basis of seasons
- Classification of agriculture on the basis of uses
1. Classification of agriculture on the basis of seasons
S. No. | Type of crops | Crops | Sowing | Harvesting |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kharif (Kharif crop is also called Syalu depending on the season of harvesting.) | Food Grain Crops : Millet, Rice, Maize, Jowar/Sorghum, Ragi Pulse Crops : Moong, Moth, Arhar/Toor, Chawla/Lobiya, Black Gram Oilseed Crops : Groundnut, Sayabean, Sesame, Castor, Sunflower Cash Crops : Cotton, Sugarcane, Guar, Jute/Patson | June – July | September – October |
2 | Rabi (Rabi crops are also called Unalu depending on the season of harvesting.) | Food Grain Crops : Wheat, Barley Pulse Crops : Masoor/Red Gram, Gram, Pease Oilseed Crops : Mustard, Cumin, Rai, Fannel Vegetable : Onion, Garlic, Ginger Spice Crops : Chilly, Coriander, Turmeric, Fenugreek Other Crops : Taramira, Isabgol, Opium, Tabacco, Flaxseed, Barseem | October – November | March – April |
3 | Zaid | Vegetables, Musk Melon, Water Melon, Cucumber, Animal Fodder Crops | March – April | May – June |
2. Classification of agriculture on the basis of uses
S. No. | Type of crops | Definition/Meaning | Crops | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Food Grain Crops | Those crops which are useful for eating. | Kharif Crops : Millet, Rice, Maize, Sorghum Rabi Crops : Wheat, Barley | The main food grain crop of the world is rice. The main food grain crop of India is rice. The main food grain crop of Rajasthan is millet. |
2 | Pulse Crops | Those crops which make the land fertile or increase the fertility of the land. | Kharif Crops : Moong, Moth, Lobiya, Black Gram Rabi Crops : Masoor, Gram, Pease Exception : Arhar/ Toor dal | The main pulse crop of Rajasthan is gram. |
3 | Oilseed Crops | Crops from which oil is obtained. | Kharif Crops : Groundnut, Soybean, Castor, Sunflower Rabi Crops : Mustard, Rai, Flaxseed | The main oilseed crop of Rajasthan is mustard. |
4 | Cash/Commercial Crops | Those crops which are useful in industries i.e. those crops which are in high demand in industries. | Cotton, Sugarcane | Food grains and pulses are not included in cash crops. |
5 | Fiber Crops | Crops from which fibre is obtained. | Cotton, Jute/ Patson, Flaxseed, Bamboo | Jute is also called golden fibre. Bamboo is also called Green Gold of Tribes. |
6 | Beverage Crops | Those crops which are useful for drinking purposes. | Tea, Coffee, Tobacco, Sugarcane, Opium |
Importance of agriculture
- Contribution in Employment :-
- 54.6% of the total population of India is dependent on agriculture.
- 62% of the total population of Rajasthan is dependent on agriculture.
- Contribution in Trade :-
- Export : Food Grain
- Import : Edible Oil
- Contribution in Industries :-
- About 15% of the total industries in Rajasthan are agriculture based, in which the biggest industries are-
- The biggest agriculture based industry is the cotton textile industry.
- The second biggest agriculture based industry is the sugar industry.
- About 15% of the total industries in Rajasthan are agriculture based, in which the biggest industries are-
4. Gross State Value Added (GSVA)
Financial Year | Constant Price | Current Price |
---|---|---|
2022-23 | 28.50% | 28.95% |
2023-24 | 26.21% | 26.72% |
Other important facts related to agriculture
Agriculture Research Center :-
- (A) Central Agricultural Research Center
- (B) State Agricultural Research Center
(A) Central Agricultural Research Center :-
- The following are the Central Agricultural Research Centres working in Rajasthan under the ‘Indian Council of Agricultural Research’ (ICAR)-
- Central Institute for Arid Horticulture (CIAH) :-
- Located : Bichhwal, Bikaner
- Establishment : 1993 AD
- Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI) :-
- Located : Jodhpur
- Establishment : 1952 AD (as Desert Afforestation Research Station)
- Desert Afforestation Research Station was established as CAZRI in 1959 i.e. CAZRI was established in 1959 AD.
- Research on plants and agricultural crops is conducted in CAZRI.
- 5 sub-centres of CAZRI are located in India. Such as-
- Bikaner (Rajasthan)
- Jaisalmer (Rajasthan)
- Pali (Rajasthan)
- Bhuj (Gujarat)
- Leh (Ladakh)
- National Research Centre on Seed Spices (NRCSS) :-
- Located : Dumara-Tabiji Village, Ajmer
- Established : 22 April, 2000 (by ICAR)
- National Rapeseed Mustard Research Centre (NRCRM) :-
- Located : Sewar, Bharatpur
- Establishment : 20 October, 1993
- In February 2009, it was renamed as ‘Directorate of Rapeseed Mustard Research’ (DRMR) by the ICAR.
- Central Institute for Arid Horticulture (CIAH) :-
(B) State Agricultural Research Center
S. No. | State Agricultural Research Center | Located | Features |
---|---|---|---|
1 | RARI (Rajasthan Agricultural Research Centre) | Durgapura, Jaipur | Establishment : 1943 AD |
2 | Sorghum Research Centre | Vallabhnagar, Udaipur | |
3 | Maize Research Centre | Banswara | |
4 | Rice Research Centre | Banswara | |
5 | Millet Research Centre | Jodhpur | |
6 | Isabgol Research Centre | Jodhpur | |
7 | Ber Research Centre | Bichwal, Bikaner | |
8 | Date Research Centre | Bichwal, Bikaner |
Agriculture Excellence Center
S. No. | Agriculture Excellence Center | Located |
---|---|---|
1 | Centre of Excellence for Date | Sagra-Bhojka, Jaisalmer |
2 | Centre of Excellence for Millet | Jodhpur |
3 | Centre of Excellence for Custard Apple | Chittorgarh |
4 | Centre of Excellence for Vegetable | Bundi |
5 | Centre of Excellence for Citrus | Nanta, Kota |
6 | Centre of Excellence for Citrus, Spice and Medicinal Plant | Jhalawar |
7 | Centre of Excellence for Guava | Sawai Madhopur-Tonk (Devdawas) |
8 | Centre of Excellence for Flower | Sawai Madhopur |
9 | Centre of Excellence for Mango | Khemari, Dholpur |
10 | Centre of Excellence for Pomegranate | Bassi, Jaipur |
11 | Centre of Excellence for Olive | Bassi, Jaipur |
12 | Centre of Excellence for Dragon Fruit | Bassi, Jaipur |
13 | Centre of Excellence for Fig/Anjeer | Sirohi |
14 | Centre of Excellence for Apiculture | Tonk |
Agriculture Policies
S. No. | Policy | Implemented |
---|---|---|
1 | Agriculture Policy | 26 June, 2013 |
2 | Organic Agriculture Policy | June, 2017 |
3 | Rajasthan Agro-Processing, Agri-Business and Agri-Export Promotion Policy | December, 2019 |
High Yielding Variety of Crops
S. No | Crops | High Yielding Variety (HYV) |
---|---|---|
1 | Wheat | Kalyan Sona-1482 Sonalika Lerma Malvika Kohinoor Durgapura-65 Chambal-65 Nabi-Maru Wheat (Nabi-MG) : This is a variety of black wheat. |
2 | Barley | Karan Kailash Kedar Jyoti |
3 | Maize | Mahi Kanchan Mahi Dhawal Arun Kiran Prabhat Pusa HM-4 Pusa HM-8 Pusa HM-9 |
4 | Millet | Raj-171 RCB-2 RHB-30 RCB-911 |
5 | Cotton | Narma American Cotton Bikaneri Cotton |
6 | Sugar Cane | CO-419 CO-449 CO-1111 |
Position of Rajasthan in production of various agricultural crops :-
- First Position : Bajra, Rape & Mustard, Total Oilseeds, Guar
- Second Position : Nutri-cereals, Groundnut
- Third Position : Gram, Total Pulses, Jowar, Soyabean
Production of major crops in India
S. No. | Crops | First Position | Second Position | Third Position | Contribution of Rajasthan in total production of Country (in percentage) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bajra | Rajasthan | Uttar Pradesh | Haryana | 38.98% |
2 | Rape & Mustard | Rajasthan | Madhya Pradesh | Haryana | 46.63% |
3 | Nutri-Cereals | Karnataka | Rajasthan | Maharashtra | 13.89% |
4 | Total Oilseeds | Rajasthan | Madhya Pradesh | Gujarat | 22.25% |
5 | Total Pulses | Madhya Pradesh | Maharashtra | Rajasthan | 14.51% |
6 | Groundnut | Gujarat | Rajasthan | Tamil Nadu | 16.83% |
7 | Gram | Maharashtra | Madhya Pradesh | Rajasthan | 19.28% |
8 | Jowar | Maharashtra | Karnataka | Rajasthan | 12.67% |
9 | Soyabean | Maharashtra | Madhya Pradesh | Rajasthan | 7.12% |
10 | Guar | Rajasthan | – | – | 87.69% |
Production of major crops in Rajasthan
S. No. | Crops | First Position | Second Position | Third Position |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Wheat | Hanumangarh | Sri Ganganagar | – |
2 | Barley | Sri Ganganagar | Jaipur | – |
3 | Millet | Alwar | Barmer | Jaipur |
4 | Maize | Bhilwara | Chittorgarh | Udaipur |
5 | Cotton | Hanumangarh | Sri Ganganagar | – |
6 | Sugar Cane | Sri Ganganagar | Chittorgarh | Bundi |