Urbanisation and Urabn Development : Rajasthan Economic Survey 2023-24

Introduction

• Urbanisation refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, “the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas”, and the ways in which each society adapts to the change.

United Nations Global Sustainable Development Report, 2023 :-

• According to this more than half of the world’s population have been living in cities and this share is projected to rise to 66.66% by 2050.
• Urbanisation is the engine for economic growth and this is evident from the fact that cities and metropolitan areas contribute about 80% of global GDP.

Urbanisation in Rajasthan

Share of urban population in total population of India and Rajasthan

	1961	2011	2021 (Projected)	2031 (Projected)
India	17.97%	31.14%	34.43%	37.55%
Rajasthan	16.28%	24.87%	26.33%	27.74%

Population

Total population of Rajasthan

	2001	2011	2021 (Projected)	2031 (Projected)
Male	2.94 Crore	3.55 Crore	4.08 Crore	4.44 Crore
Female	2.71 Crore	3.30 Crore	3.85 Crore	4.28 Crore
Total Population	5.65 Crore	6.85 Crore	7.93 Crore	8.72 Crore

Urban population of Rajasthan

	2001	2011	2021 (Projected)	2031 (Projected)
Male	70 Lakh	89 Lakh	109 Lakh	126 Lakh
Female	62 Lakh	81 Lakh	100 Lakh	116 Lakh
Total	132 Lakh	170 Lakh	209 Lakh	242 Lakh

Child Population in Rajasthan (0-6 Age Group)

	2001	2011
Boys	52.34 %	52.83 %
Girls	47.66 %	47.17 %
Total	100 % (107 Lakh)	100 % (106 Lakh)

Child population in urban areas of Rajasthan (0-6 Age Group)

	2001	2011
Boys	52.98 %	53.37 %
Girls	47.02 %	46.63 %
Total Population	100 % (20.64 Lakh)	100 % (22.35 Lakh)

Sex Ratio

• Sex Ratio : The number of women per thousand men is called sex ratio.
• Child Sex Ratio (0-6 years) : The number of girls per thousand boys is called child sex ratio.

Sex ratio in urban and rural areas of Rajasthan

	2001	2011	Increase
Urban Area	890	914	+ 24
Rural Area	930	933	+ 3

Districts with The Highest and Lowest Urban Sex Ratio in Rajasthan

S. No.	Highest	Sex Ratio	Lowest	Sex Ratio
1	Tonk	985	Jaisalmer	807
2	Banswara	964	Dholpur	864
3	Pratapgarh	963	Alwar	872
4	Dungarpur	951	Ganganagar	878
5	Rajsamand	948	Bharatpur	887

Child Sex ratio in urban and rural areas of Rajasthan (0-6 years)

	2001	2011	Decrease
Urban Area	887	874	– 13
Rural Area	914	892	– 22

Districts with The Highest and Lowest Urban Child Sex Ratio in Rajasthan

S. No.	Highest	Sex Ratio	Lowest	Sex Ratio
1	Nagaur	907	Dholpur	841
2	Bikaner	906	Ganganagar	842
3	Bhilwara	904	Dausa	847
4	Baran	901	Alwar	851
5	Churu	899	Bharatpur	852

Literacy Rate

Literacy Rate of Rajasthan

	1961	2001	2011
Urban Literacy Rate	44.50 %	76.20 %	79.70 %
Rural Literacy Rate	12.90 %	55.30 %	61.40 %
Literacy Rate	18.12 %	60.40 %	66.11 %

Districts with The Highest and Lowest Urban Literacy Rate in Rajasthan

S. No.	Highest	Literacy Rate	Lowest	Literacy Rate
1	Udaipur	87.5 %	Nagaur	70.6 %
2	Banswara	85.2 %	Jalore	71.1 %
3	Pratapgarh	84.8 %	Churu	72.6 %
4	Dungarpur	84.4 %	Dholpur	72.7 %
5	Ajmer	83.9 %	Karauli	72.8 %

Cities/ Urban agglomeration (UAs) with population of 1 lakh and above

• In terms of population, the largest city in Rajasthan is Jaipur (30.46 lakh). While Banswara (1.01 lakh) is the smallest city.

The largest cities of Rajasthan in terms of population

S. No.	Cities	Population
1	Jaipur	30.46 Lakh
2	Jodhpur	11.38 Lakh
3	Kota	10.02 Lakh
4	Bikaner	6.44 Lakh

Spatial Variation in Urbanisation

The most and least urbanized districts in Rajasthan in terms of urban population

S. No.	Highest	Urban Population	Lowest	Urban Population
1	Kota	60.31 %	Dungarpur	6.39 %
2	Jaipur	52.40 %	Barmer	6.98 %
3	Ajmer	40.08 %	Banswara	7.10 %
4	Jodhpur	34.30 %	Pratapgarh	8.27 %
5	Bikaner	33.86 %	Jalore	8.30 %

Migration in Rajasthan (Rural-Urban)

• According to Census 2011, male primarily migrate from rural to urban areas in search of employment opportunities, while female are primarily migrating due to marital reasons in Rajasthan.
• According to Census 2011, 794 lakh people migrated from rural to urban areas at the national level. In Rajasthan 32 lakh people migrated from rural to urban areas which contribute at 4 % of total rural-urban migrants in the country
• Among the total migrating men and women in India and Rajasthan, the percentage of men migrating from rural to urban areas due to work/employment and women migrating due to marriage is as follows :

	Male (Work/ Employment)	Female (Marital)
India	45.06 %	51.80 %
Rajasthan	49.16 %	59.11 %

Urban Housing Conditions in Rajasthan

• Census of India classified houses into three categories based on their condition :-
  1. Good
  2. Livable
  3. Dilapidated

Condition of urban Households in Rajasthan and India

	India	Rajasthan
Good	68 %	69 %
Livable	29 %	29 %
Dilapidated	3 %	2 %

Slum Dwellers in Rajasthan (Urban)

• Slums form and grow in different parts of the country due to many reasons like-
  • Rapid rural to urban migration
  • High unemployment
  • Poverty
  • Economic stagnation
  • Poor planning
• Census Organization classified the following areas as slum :-
  • All such areas which have been notified by State/Local Self Government or Central Administered by any act as slums.
  • All such areas which have recognized as slums by State/Local Self Government and Central Administered areas notified by any act.
  • All such congested areas which have a minimum population of 300 or 60-70 households with unplanned residential clusters which totally lack basic civic amenities of light, drinking water, sanitation, unpolluted air etc.
• The population of slum dwellers in Rajasthan is 20.68 lakh as per Census 2011 constituting 12.13 % of the total urban population.

Highest number of slums dwellers

S. No.	Highest	Population	Percentage of slum population in Rajasthan
1	Jaipur Muncipal Corporation	3.23 Lakh (10.62 % of total population of Jaipur Muncipal Corporation)	15.64 %
2	Kota (Muncipal Corporation)		15.44 %
3	Jodhpur (Muncipal Corporation + Out growth)		12.29 %
4	Bikaner (Muncipal Corporation)		5.89 %
5	Ajmer (Muncipal Corporation)		5.35 %
6	Udaipur (Muncipal Corporation)		3.13 %
7	Ganganagar (Muncipal Corporation + Out Growth)		2.44 %

Highest percentage of slum dwellers to total population of the city

S. No.	Highest	Percentage
1	Pilibanga (M)	74.53 %
2	Jahazpur (M)	63.79 %
3	Kesrisinghpur (M)	61.46 %

Urban Development In Rajasthan

• To fulfill the basic needs of urban population in a systematic and integrated way, the government has constituted development authorities, urban trusts, Rajasthan Housing Board, Town Planning Office, Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation.
• At present the following are engaged in development of civic amenities for the public in Rajasthan-
  1. Development Authority (5)
  2. Urban Improvement Trust (12)
  3. Rajasthan Housing Board (RHB)
  4. Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Limited

1. Development Authority :-

• At present there are total 5 development authorities in Rajasthan. Such as-
  1. Jaipur Development Authority, Jaipur
  2. Jodhpur Development Authority, Jodhpur
  3. Ajmer Development Authority, Ajmer
  4. Kota Development Authority, Kota
  5. Udaipur Development Authority, Udaipur

2. Urban Improvement Trust :-

• At present there are total 12 urban improvement trusts in Rajasthan. Such as-
  1. Alwar
  2. Abu
  3. Barmer
  4. Bharatpur
  5. Bhilwara
  6. Bikaner
  7. Chittorgarh
  8. Jaisalmer
  9. Pali
  10. Sri Ganganagar
  11. Sikar
  12. Sawai Madhopur

3. Rajasthan Housing Board (RHB) :-

• Rajasthan Housing Board was established on 24 February, 1970 as an autonomous body to suggest measures for dealing with and fulfilment of housing needs in the State.
• Some of the initiatives of Rajasthan Housing Board :-
  1. Vidhayak Awas Yojna : Vidhayak Nagar (West), Jyoti Nagar, Jaipur
  2. Constitution Club of Rajasthan : Vidhayak Nagar East, Jaipur
  3. Fountain Square : Mansarovar, Jaipur (Inaugurated on 15^th March, 2024)
  4. Kota and Jodhpur Chowpatty
  5. AIS Residency Phase 1 & 2 : Pratap Nagar, Jaipur
  6. Samriddhi Apartment : Pratap Nagar, Jaipur
  7. Mahi Apartment : Pratap Nagar, Jaipur
  8. Badli Yojana (Flats) : Jodhpur
  9. Manpur Housing Scheme : Abu Road, Sirohi
  10. Coaching Hub : Pratap Nagar, Jaipur
  11. SS Residency : Pratap Nagar, Jaipur
  12. Chief Minister Jan Awas Yojana : Jaipur (Under Pradhan Mantri Jan Awas Yojana Urban, 2015)
  13. Wednesday Auction Festival : Scheme to purchase houses in 156 monthly installments with up to 50% discount through e-bid.
  14. Sajag Mobile App : To ensure quality and effective monitoring of construction of houses.

4. Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Limited :-

1. Phase-1 :-
   1. Phase-1A (Mansarovar to Chandpole) :-
      • Start : 3^rd June, 2015
      • Funded : Government of Rajasthan
   2. Phase-1B (Chandpole to Badi Chaupar) :-
      • Start : 23^rd September, 2020
      • Funded : Asian Development Bank (ADB)+ Government of Rajasthan
      • Distance : 2.01 km
   3. Phase-1C (Badi Chaupar to Transport Nagar) :-
      • Start : Work is currently in progress for the implementation of the project.
      • Funded : Government of Rajasthan
      • For this, a detailed project report (DPR) has been prepared and submitted by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC).
      • For this, administrative and financial approval has been granted by Government of Rajasthan.
   4. Phase-1D (Mansarovar to 200 Feet bypass Ajmer) :-
      • Start : Work is currently in progress for the implementation of the project.
      • Funded : Government of Rajasthan
      • For this, a detailed project report (DPR) has been prepared and submitted by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC).
      • For this, administrative and financial approval has been granted by Government of Rajasthan.
2. Phase-2 (Sitapura to Ambabari) :-
   • Start : Proposed
   • Distance : 23.50 km
   • For this, a detailed project report (DPR) has been proposed.